Kongjian Yu y la redefinición del paisaje cultural chino

As a result of his important career abroad and his family experiences in his home province of Zhejiang, Kongjian Yu reflects in this interview on the need to look at and learn from the past, from tradition, in order to restore harmony to our relationship with the environment in which we live. Learning from the environment as a means of providing project solutions that are adapted to the very drastic changes that we are experiencing. All this with a global and local perspective, always valuing the strategies that can be applied in other territories, adapting them to the idiosyncrasy of the place. To this end, Kongjian Yu raises the need to train new professionals who know how to work with the variables we are facing in the context of the current environmental crisis, changing the dynamics established in professional and political circles.Fruto de su importante trayectoria en el extranjero y de sus experiencias familiares en su provincia natal de Zhejiang, Kongjian Yu reflexiona en esta entrevista acerca de la necesidad de mirar y aprender del pasado, de la tradición, para devolver la armonía a nuestra relación con el medio ambiente en el que vivimos. Aprender del entorno como medio para dar soluciones proyectuales que se amolden a los cambios tan drásticos que estamos viviendo. Todo ello teniendo una perspectiva global y local, valorando siempre cuáles son las estrategias que pueden aplicarse en otros territorios adaptándolas a la idiosincrasia del lugar. Para ello Kongjian Yu plantea la necesidad de formar a nuevos profesionales que sepan trabajar con las variables a las que nos enfrentamos en el contexto de la actual crisis ambiental, cambiando las dinámicas establecidas en los estamentos profesionales y políticos

Candidate transcriptomic sources of inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster

The genomic causes of inbreeding depression are poorly known. Several studies have found widespread transcriptomic alterations in inbred organisms, but it remains unclear which of these alterations are causes of the depression and which are mere responses to the ensuing physiological stress induced by increased homozygosity due to inbreeding. Attempting to differentiate causes from responses, we made a c-DNA microarray analysis of inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster. The rationale of the experiment was that, while depression is a general phenomenon involving reductions in fitness in different inbred lines, its first genetic causes would be different for each inbred line, as they are expected to be caused by the fixation of rare deleterious genes. We took four sets of inbred sublines, each set descending from a different founding pair obtained from a large outbred stock, and compared the expression of the three most depressed sublines and the three least depressed sublines from each set. Many changes in expression were common to all sets, but fourteen genes, grouped in four expression clusters, showed strong set-specific changes, and were therefore possible candidates to be sources of the inbreeding depression observed.This work was funded by Xunta de Galicia (INCITE08PXIB200119PR and Grupos de Referencia Competitiva, 2010/80), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (CGL2009-13278-C02, CGL2012-39861-C02) and Fondos Feder: “Unha maneira de facer Europa”S

Electric field and solvent model for Electrochemical SERS: excited-state and enhancement tuning

Being SERS a promising technique due to it potentially combining the well-known characterization prowess of Raman with the high sensitivity arising from nanoparticle-associated enhancement, 1 understanding the mechanisms due to which SERS differs from Normal Raman is key to accomplish effective applications of this technique. Following the consensus about the theoretical background that stablishes the enhancement mechanisms in SERS, 2 and focusing on electrode potential as a variable in Electrochemical (EC) SERS, for our work we have studied Pyridine (Py) SERS spectra modelling an EC-SERS nanostructured surface through an Ag 6 cluster in different orientations, with an electric field parallel to the Ag 6 -Py axis reproducing electrode potential, as depicted in Figure 1. The objective of such model is to simulate Pyridine SERS spectra and rationalizing these results based on well-established properties, accounting for symmetry considerations, coupling terms and the influence of the solvent on the system to carry out a straightforward understanding of SERS enhancement mechanisms. Our results are able to effectively reproduce the main relative intensities of Pyridine SERS spectra, shedding light on the influence of the aforementioned properties on the calculated lineshapes and intensities.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Natural chemical control of marine associated microbial communities by sessile Antarctic invertebrates

Organisms living in the sea are exposed to fouling by other organisms. Many benthic marine invertebrates, including sponges and bryozoans, contain natural products with antimicrobial properties, since microbes usually constitute the first stages of fouling. Extracts from 4 Antarctic sponges (Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis, Mycale tylotornota, Rossella nuda, and Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini) and 2 bryozoan species (Cornucopina pectogemma and Nematoflustra flagellata) were tested separately for antifouling properties in field experiments. The different crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated into a substratum gel at natural concentrations for an ecological approach. Treatments were tested by submerging plates covered by these substratum gels under water in situ during 1 lunar cycle (28 d) at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Remarkably, the butanolic extracts of M. tylotornota and C. pectogemma showed complete growth inhibition of microscopic eukaryotic organisms, one of the succession stages involved in biofouling. Our results suggest that different chemical strategies may exist to avoid fouling, although the role of chemical defenses is often species-specific. Thus, the high specificity of the microbial community attached to the coated plates seems to be modulated by the chemical cues of the crude extracts of the invertebrates tested

Modelling potential dependent surface-enhanced raman scattering: electric field and charged cluster dual model

The computation of electrochemical systems is very challenging because of the many variables involved. Among them, the effect of the electrode potential is particularly complex to be introduced in atomistic models. In this work, we propose a model where the surface excess of charge has been modelled with the tetrahedral-like clusters [Ag19]+, [Ag20]0 and [Ag19]-. We then modulate the effect of other surface charges implicitly as an external electric field and correlated a calculated magnitude like the electric charge on the adsorbate with the electrode potential, a purely experimental one. This model is tested with the potential-dependent Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) of pyridine. Namely, we investigated the changes in the Raman shifts and relative intensities due to the potential, and evaluated the different contributions (electromagnetic, charge-transfer) to the SERS spectra. Our preliminary results nicely reproduce the experimental trends and reveal that enhancement factors up to 10 to the 7th are achieved when the charge-transfer state interact with the bright local excitations of the metal cluster

Electric field and charged cluster dual model for Potential Depdendent Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

The computation of electrochemical systems is very challenging because of the many variables involved.1 Among them, the effect of the electrode potential is particularly complex to be introduced in atomistic models. In this work, we propose a model where the surface excess of charge has been modelled with the tetrahedral-like clusters [Ag19]+, [Ag20]0 and [Ag19]-. We then modulate the effect of other surface charges implicitly as an external electric field and correlated a calculated magnitude like the electric charge on the adsorbate with the electrode potential, a purely experimental one. This model is tested with the potential-dependent Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) of pyridine. Namely, we investigated the changes in the Raman shifts and relative intensities due to the potential, and evaluated the different contributions (electromagnetic, charge-transfer) to the SERS spectra. Our preliminary results nicely reproduce the experimental trends and reveal that enhancement factors up to 107 are achieved when the charge-transfer state interact with the bright local excitations of the metal cluster.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Procesos urbanos, dinámicas del agua y cambio climático

Essential to any form of life, water defines our blue planet. Historically, human settlements have managed this resource for both personal use and the development of all kind of activities. Old settlements and their hydrologic systems found at some point in time a balance, but with the industrial revolution, urban development and its relation to water systems and associated ecologies have drastically transformed. Today’s socioecological crisis is unprecedented. Humanity’s capacity for environmental transformation has come to define a new geological era, known as the Anthropocene (the era of men). Understanding the causes of this planetary transformation calls for alternative and more precise names such as Thanatocene (the era of war), Phagocene (the era of consumption), Thermocene (the era of global warming) and Capitalocene (the era of capital).El agua, elemento fundamental para la vida, caracteriza nuestro planeta azul. Históricamente, los asentamientos humanos han cuidado este recurso tanto para uso personal como para el desarrollo de todo tipo de actividades. Las antiguas ciudades y los sistemas hídricos encontraron en algún momento un equilibrio. Sin embargo, con la revolución industrial, tanto el desarrollo urbano como la relación con los sistemas de agua y su ecología asociada, han empezado a cambiar de forma drástica. La crisis socioecológica de hoy no tiene precedentes. La capacidad de la humanidad para la transformación ambiental ha llegado a definir una nueva era geológica, conocida como Antropoceno (la era del hombre). Comprender las causas de esta transformación planetaria requiere nombres alternativos y más precisos como Thanatoceno (la era de la guerra), Phagoceno (la era del consumismo), Thermoceno (la era del calentamiento global), o Capitaloceno (la era del capital)

Nesting Of Montezuma Quail In Mexico

Although Mexico has the greatest diversity of quail of any New World country, basic information on the ecology and life history of Mexican quails remains unknown. Our objective was to describe nest characteristics of the Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae) in central Mexico. We searched for Montezuma quail nests within 8 counties in the state of México, Mexico during May–September 2003. We conducted nest searches along 66 transects (3–5 km × 40 m) distributed across 17 study sites. We recorded vegetation community, elevation, and nesting substrate for each nest. We measured nest characteristics: height, depth, nest entrance diameter, and orientation. If eggs were found, we recorded clutch size and egg mass, texture, color, and shape. We observed 324 quail and located 6 nests along a 254-km route. Nests were located at elevations ranging from 2,568–2,692 m above sea level. Mean (± standard deviation) nest height and depth were 122.2 ± 7.7 mm and 195 ± 61.8 mm, respectively. Nest entrance orientation for 5 of 6 nests was toward a southerly direction. Mean nest egg mass was 9.9 ± 0.1 g. Our study provides basic and descriptive information on a poorly known quail species in Mexico

House of Samarin, a damaged rock carving station. Documentation, analysis and diagnosis in Los Llanos de Ifara, Granadilla, Tenerife

[EN] In the archaeology of the Canary Islands (Spain), there are many studies based on the usage of new technologies to contribute to the identification and description of rock art engravings through high-resolution digital models (Martín, 2005; Martín, Velasco, González & Ramírez, 2007; Senén & Cuenca, 2016; Navarro & Cancel, 2019). This paper is supported by these documentation techniques and digital analysis in order to deepen into the characterization of the damaged rock art station Casa del Samarín (House of Samarín), or Tagoro del Rey, in Los Llanos de Ifara, south of the island of Tenerife (Figs. 1). Twenty-one panels conserved in situ were documented (Fig. 6). Geometric-linear, geometric with an oval and rectangular trend and figurative ones can be distinguished. The blocks [1] that compose the engravings station belong to a rocky basalt outcrop, to which other free-standing blocks are attached, forming a circle. The shape that describes this set of blocks is defined as a "cabin" or circular-shaped structure. This set of engravings, made on a basalt rocky outcrop with a planar factory, show a tendency to suffer from exfoliation and are affected by internal stresses. The intrinsic characteristics of this stone support, together with their exposure to anthropic actions and strong insolation, condition its fragility, with the risk of losing part of the representations that it houses. Given the threat posed by its gradual deterioration, we seek to ensure its digital preservation through precision three-dimensional (3D) records, the engravings inventory, the record of their conservation state and the understanding of the degradation processes that are affecting the outcrop. What has been explained will be addressed quarterly, to observe the evolution of any material changes every three months. The registration work consisted of taking four photogrammetric surveys in eight months; the surveys were georeferenced by means of a centimetric Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and a total station. Structure from Motion (SfM) technology enabled the researchers to generate high-precision 3D models in an affordable way, not only in terms of cost but also ease of use. Digital copies with Geographic Information System GIS technology were extracted from them, being exportable in shapefile format (Fig. 7). As regards the documentation of existing pathologies, assuming standardized lexicon and classification criteria (IPCE, 2013), together with a rigorous information systematization, was key for achieving agile handling of the data collected and for facilitating monitoring tasks (Fig. 8). Damage maps were created for collecting the location and scope of the alterations. The complex volumetry of the outcrop and the varied orientation of the panels marked the need to resort to 3D editing so that all their faces could be properly registered (Fig. 10). This project was performed with a 3D design program, Blender®. Thanks to an imaging analysis process, internal textures of 3D models also provided relevant graphic support for the pictographic content and the conservation state (Figs. 11 & 14). DStretch® (Harman, 2008), a plugin implemented in the scientific image processing software ImageJTM, was used for this purpose. To conclude, researchers relied on CloudCompare (Girardeau-Montaut, 2015), an advanced 3D data processing software, to tackle a morphometric analysis that allowed us to detect the appearance of formal changes along with the recorded sequences (Figs. 12 & 15). In this process, the distances between two records, taken after six months, were computed with the Cloud to Mesh (C2M) tool, based on the Chamfer distance algorithm (Ruiz et al., 2016: 120). Registration file cards and damage maps clearly highlighted the main conditions: material losses (shown in orange) and breaks (in green) have affected the outcrop in a generalized way. Furthermore, sedimentary deposits (blue) are concentrated in interstices; while lichen colonies (idem) do so in the least sun-exposed areas. The use of DStretch® highlighted modern excoriations of anthropogenic origin and contributed to distinguishing recent material losses from the older ones, already affected by an incipient patina. Finally, thanks to morphological analysis, a new detachment (Fig. 15b) and a generalized displacement of exempt elements (Figs. 12 & 15) were detected. These displacements indicate outstanding manipulation, which could lead to decontextualizations or new fragmentations. Regarding the archaeological interpretation, macroscopic observation of exempt blocks located in the vicinity of the station and the zenith representation of the immediate environment from photogrammetry, have shown that they are forming a set of attached structures (Fig. 13). The site redefinition and the diagnosis of its very weakened defensive system show the need to intensify the archaeological study of this area, so emblematic for the archaeology of the south of Tenerife, in addition to establishing preventive conservation measures that can contribute to its stabilization.[ES] En el presente artículo nos respaldamos en técnicas de documentación y análisis digital para profundizar en la caracterización de la estación de grabados rupestres denominada como Casa del Samarín o Tagoro del Rey, situada en Los Llanos de Ifara, Granadilla de Abona (Tenerife). En el enclave arqueológico, de adscripción guanche, se analizan 21 paneles con diversas tipologías de grabados. Se pueden distinguir los clasificados como geométricos-lineales, geométricos de tendencia oval y rectangular, así como los figurativos. Los bloques que conforman la estación de grabados pertenecen a un afloramiento rocoso de basalto, desde el cual se adosan otros bloques que se disponen formando un círculo. La planta que describe el conjunto de bloques se define como "cabaña" o estructura de superficie. Las acciones antrópicas y una fuerte insolación, unido a la problemática intrínseca de las rocas basálticas, condicionan la conservación de este conjunto. Ante la amenaza que supone su deterioro paulatino, perseguimos asegurar su representación digital, inventariar sus grabados, monitorizar su estado de conservación y comprender los procesos de degradación que le afectan. Para ello nos valemos de la georreferenciación y el levantamiento fotogramétrico del sitio, así como de calcos digitales, para generar registros tridimensionales (3D) de precisión. Esta documentación geométrica se realiza con una secuenciación trimestral para observar la evolución de los cambios materiales. El registro patológico se realiza por medio de fichas de registro, encargadas de enumerar, describir y clasificar las lesiones observadas por escrito; también de mapas de daños 3D, que recogen su alcance y ubicación. Además, las propias texturas de los modelos 3D se someten a un procesamiento de imagen para destacar las características cromáticas; por otra parte, el análisis computacional de sus geometrías permite detectar la aparición de cambios formales a lo largo de las secuencias registradas. El protocolo llevado a cabo en cuanto a registro y documentación incidieron no sólo en el diagnóstico y análisis de esta estación de grabados, sino también en la redefinición arqueológica del propio yacimiento.Lo más destacado:Se aborda el registro fotogramétrico y calco digital de una estación rupestre, en avanzado estado de deterioro, con el fin de registrar su estado actual y contribuir a su conservación digital.La observación en detalle de los elementos analizados y la representación cenital a partir de la fotogrametría, han contribuido a la redefinición arqueológica del propio yacimiento.El análisis computacional de la información geométrica, unido a un registro del estado de conservación sistemático, nos ha permitido subrayar los problemas que afectan a su preservación.El presente proyecto ha sido financiado por la Fundación CajaCanarias a través de su Convocatoria de Ayudas a Proyectos de Conservación del Patrimonio Natural y Arqueológico 2017. Agradecemos al Ayuntamiento de Granadilla de Abona y al Cabildo Insular de Tenerife su colaboración. También las labores de georreferenciación por GNSS y asesoramiento de Sandra Cancel, técnico en Sistemas de Información Geográfica.Fuentes-Porto, A.; García-Ávila, C.; Marrero-Salas, E. (2021). Casa del Samarín, una estación de grabados rupestres en deterioro. Documentación, análisis y diagnóstico en Los Llanos de Ifara, Granadilla, Tenerife. Virtual Archaeology Review. 12(24):99-114. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.13810OJS991141224Álamo Torres, F., & Clavijo Redondo, M. A. (1996). Memoria de excavaciones arqueológicas en el Conjunto Los Morritos, Los Cristianos-Arona (Tenerife) (pp. 181). Tenerife: Dirección General de Patrimonio Histórico, Viseconsejería de Cultura y Deportes del Gobierno de Canarias.Alberto Barroso, V., Hernández Gómez, C. M., Barro Rois, A., Borges Domínguez, E., Prieto Rodríguez, D., Dorta Barreiro, N., Gracía Ávila, J. C. (2007). 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(2017). 3D digital documentation and image enhancement integration into schematic rock art analysis and preservation: The Castrocontrigo Neolithic rock art (NW Spain). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 26, 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.01.008Franco, B., Gisbert, J., Navarro, P., & Mateos, I. (2002). Deterioro de los materiales pétreos por sales: cinética del proceso, cartografía y métodos de extracción. In Actas Del I Congreso Del GEIIC. Conservación del Patrimonio: evolución y nuevas perspectivas (pp. 287-293). Valencia, España.Fuentes, A., Soto, O., & Martin, J. (2019). Análisis de imágenes digitales con DStretch como soporte a la restauración virtual de una pintura mural histórica en San Cristóbal de La Laguna. Conservar Património, 34, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2018070Fuentes, A., Díaz, M. D., & Díaz, E. M. (2020). 3D Recording and Point Cloud Analysis for Detecting and Tracking Morphological Deterioration in Archaeological Metals. 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Efecto de paredes celulares (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) en el alimento de pollo de engorda sobre los parámetros productivos

Two experiments using broiler chicks were done to evaluate productive arameteres and mortality at 49 d of age with addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls (CW), with or without an antibiotic growth promoter (Avilamycin). The first assay included 3,000 chicks in six randomly-distributed treatments: Negative control (NC), Positive control (PC), NC + 0.5 kg/t CW, 1.0 kg/ t CW, 1.5 kg/t CW, and PC + 1.0 kg/t CW. The second included 1800 broiler chicks in six randomly-distributed treatments: NC, PC, NC + 0.5 kg/t CW, 0.25 kg/t CW, PC + 0.5 kg/t CW, and PC + 0.25 kg/t CW. No significant effects (P>0.05) were observed in feed consumption and mortality. Cell wall levels of 0.5 kg/t were enough to achieve a response competitive with that of AGP's, with similar results (P>0.05) in body weight and feed conversion. Joint addition of CW at different doses with the AGP (PSe realizaron dos experimentos en pollo de engorda con el objeto de evaluar el comportamiento productivo y mortalidad a los 49 días de edad, con la adición en el alimento de paredes celulares del Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PcSc), con y sin antibiótico como promotor de crecimiento (Avilamicina). En el primer ensayo se utilizaron 3,000 pollitos, distribuyéndose al azar en seis tratamientos: control negativo (CN), positivo (CP), inclusión de 0.5. 1.0 y 1.5 kg/t de PcSc, y CP + 1.0 kg/t. En el segundo, se utilizaron 1,800 pollitos, distribuyéndose en seis tratamientos: CN, CP, inclusión de 0.5 y 0.25 kg/ t de PcSc, y CP + 0.5 y 0.25 kg/t. Los resultados no mostraron efectos significativos (P>0.05), en el consumo de alimento y mortalidad. Niveles de 0.5 kg/t de PcSc, fueron suficientes para lograr una respuesta competitiva con Avilamicina, presentando resultados similares (P>0.05), en el peso corporal y en la conversión alimenticia. La adición conjunta de PcSc con Avilamicina, presentaron (