Cold War rivalry on Brazil’s and Argentina’s nuclear programs: examining military and civilian intentions

This article seeks to verify whether the development of the nuclear programs in Brazil and Argentina was influenced by the rise of military regimes in both countries, especially by the context of the Cold War. To this end, this research has a qualitative nature, which takes as its method the bibliographic review of articles, books, theses, and dissertations, to analyse the nuclear programs of both countries and the impacts of the Cold War upon them. It was found that while in the literature on the History of International Relations it is commonly reported that during the Cold War, regions peripheric to the poles of power, such as Latin America, were completely subject  to the pressures of the United States and the Soviet Union, it is proposed that at least regarding nuclearization, there were disputes between the main regional powers (Brazil and Argentina) with the United States about policies to be implemented as well as the diversification of partnerships in pursuit of technological transfer. In addition, it was noticed that the mutual distrust between Brazil and Argentina regarding the degree of development and real intentions underscoring their respective nuclear programs brought about a Cold War like dynamics in the Southern Cone.The objective of this article is to investigate whether Cold War rivalry influenced the development of nuclear programs in Brazil and Argentina. The research employs a qualitative approach and bibliographic analysis of primary sources, including articles, books, and other relevant sources. The main hypothesis is to examine whether the culture of Cold War rivalry stimulated the development of nuclear programs in these countries, analysing the military and civilian intentions behind their nuclear technologies. While it is commonly reported that Latin America was under the influence of the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) during the Cold War, the cases of Brazil and Argentina show the opposite. Both countries adopted independent nuclear policies, seeking technological transfer through diversified and autonomous partnerships. Additionally, these divergent positions included arguments and actions regarding their respective nuclear policies. However, mutual distrust between Brazil and Argentina regarding the advancement and sophistication of their nuclear programs generated a dynamic similar to the Cold War in the Southern Cone region. This dynamic originated internally based on the logic of the two countries, despite the later creation of joint non-proliferation mechanisms

Evaluation of life quality of patients submitted to cataract surgery with implants of monofocal, bifocal and multifocal lenses

Purpose:Providing an objective and subjective evaluation of life quality and satisfaction level of the patients who underwent cataract surgery with implant of bifocal, multifocal and monofocal lenses.Methods:Bifocal lenses were implanted in 72 patients, aspheric multifocal lenses in 16 patients, apodized multifocal lenses in 20 patients and Monofocal lenses were implanted in 63 patients. The patients answered a 47 question questionnaire, whose results were evaluated and analyzed.Results:The level of satisfaction of the patients implanted with bifocal and multifocal lenses was significantly higher than of those with monofocal lenses (kruskal - Wallis test, p< 0.001 followed by the Dunn test, p< 0.05). As to the comparison of monofocal lenses with bifocal and multifocal lenses, the near vision without correction was considerably lower in patients with monofocal lenses (Z test p< 0.001). The patients with monofocal lenses without correction presented a much lower capacity of reading newspapers or books and as far as manual work than the ones with bifocal and multifocal lenses (Z test, p<0.001).Conclusion:The result of this study shows that the patients who received the bifocal and multifocal lenses had a remarkable improvement in their visual acuity for the near vision, being pleased with their general vision without wearing glasses. This is because they were able to read books and newspapers, write checks, fill out forms, do sports, shave or put on make-up, hence having high quality of life without correction.Objetivo:Fornecer uma avaliação objetiva e subjetiva da qualidade de vida e o nível de satisfação de pacientes que se submeteram à cirurgia de catarata, com implante de lentes bifocais, multifocais e monofocais.Métodos:Lentes bifocais foram implantadas em 72 pacientes; lentes multifocais asférica em 16 pacientes; lentes multifocais apodizada em 20 pacientes e lentes monofocais em 63 pacientes. Foi aplicado um questionário de 47 perguntas cujos resultados foram avaliados e analisados.Resultados:O nível de satisfação dos pacientes implantados com lentes bifocais e multifocais foi significantemente mais alto do que aqueles com lentes monofocais (teste Kruskal-Wallis p<0,01, seguido do teste Dunn, p<0,05). Quanto à comparação de lentes monofocais com lentes bifocais e multifocais, a visão para perto sem correção foi consideravelmente mais baixa em pacientes com lentes monofocais (teste Z, p<0,001). Os pacientes com lentes monofocais sem correção apresentaram uma menor capacidade de ler jornais ou livros e no que diz respeito a trabalhos manuais do que aqueles com lentes bifocais e multifocais (teste Z, p<0,001).Conclusão:Os resultados deste estudo mostram que os pacientes que receberam as lentes bifocais e multifocais tiveram uma melhora notável em sua acuidade visual para perto, estando satisfeitos com sua visão geral, sem óculos. A satisfação foi atribuída ao fato de conseguirem ler livros e jornais, preencher cheques, preencher formulários, praticar esportes, se barbear ou se maquiar sem correção.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Hospital de Olhos (CIOMS)UNIFESPSciEL

Fundamentos Teóricos da Gestão Social

Este texto apresenta uma aproximação teórica para a Gestão Social, compreendida como um campo em construção. O texto parte de uma revisão do já foi construído em termos de Gestão Social, identificando categorias teóricas que suportem o conceito. A partir destas categorias se apresenta um primeiro esboço, “feito à lápis”, para contribuir para a construção do campo. As categorias teóricas identificadas foram: a) Interesse Bem Compreendido, que abriga duas categorias complementares: a solidariedade e a sustentabilidade; b) Esfera Pública (tratada como uma categoria intermediária), pois constitui o locus e condição essencial de seu desenvolvimento, abrigando outras categorias complementares: Democracia Deliberativa, Dialogicidade, Intersubjetividade e Racionalidade; e c) Emancipação. Estas categorias se inter-relacionam por meio da dialética negativa adorniana

Technology Perspectives and Innovative Scenarios Applied in the Amazon Region

This paper aims to summarize the technology perspectives and innovative scenarios applied in the Amazon region. A call for papers for the Special Issue yielded four accepted articles that serve as the source for the summary. All these articles focus on specific cases in the Legal Amazon region and provide empirical evidence supported by theories and relevant literature. All the articles emphasized the need for investment in the form of networks for development and innovation. A descriptive, qualitative approach using the bibliometric software WordStat 8® identified the words most frequently used in the four papers included this special issue. The most relevant terms identified were: network, innovation, firms, production, research and development. In total, these articles point to varied partners and institutions necessary for building networks to further development and innovation. This Special Issue is a first step to building a knowledge base focused on the Amazon region that is missing in the academic literature. Future contributions must build and expand the discussion of empirical cases and reflect different disciplines that contribute to industries, policies, society and networks. This is necessary to improve innovation and economic development of this important region

Possibilidades da Gestão Social como campo do conhecimento científico: considerações sobre os critérios de demarcação

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a cientificidade do campo da Gestão Social. Como não há consenso sobre o que é ciência, foram escolhidos quatro critérios de demarcação (entre ciência e senso comum): Popper, Kuhn, Feyerabend e Santos. Para delimitar o campo da Gestão Social foi feita uma escolha teórica baseada nos trabalhos de Tenório e Cançado. A partir dessas quatro abordagens e da escolha teórica, a Gestão Social foi analisada para entender se ela satisfaz a esses critérios. Como resultado a Gestão Social atendeu aos critérios de demarcação de Popper, Feyerabend e Santos; porém, não atendeu ao de Kuhn

Semiologia da articulação temporomandibular

The base for the diagnosis of cause and effect is an agreement of the normal form and its relation with the function. It can still be considered that if it does not find a riot in the function, without a corresponding degree of alteration in the structure. Therefore, and for the fact of that a basic knowledge of the sthomatognatic system starts with the joint to temporomandibular (TMJ), it is basic the structural and anatomical study of this structure. The TMJ is a set of anatomical structures that, with the participation of special muscular groups, they make possible to the mandible to execute varied movements during the chew. Biaxial complex is classified in the synovial category, having had as component anatomical the articulate surfaces, the articulate disc, the capsules, the ligaments, beyond the synovial membranes. The articulate surfaces are formed by a surface of the head of the mandible and by a surface of the articulate part of the temporal bone. The situations will be presented all here that the TMJ can be involved as the Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Pathology, Examinations, Diagnosis, Diagnosis for image, Riots, Trauma and the Treatment

Analysis of HFE And Non-HFE Gene Mutations in Brazilian Patients with Hemochromatosis

BACKGROUND: Approximately one-half of Brazilian patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) are neither homozygous for the C282Y mutation nor compound heterozygous for the H63D and C282Y mutations that are associated with HH in Caucasians. Other mutations have been described in the HFE gene as well as in genes involved in iron metabolism, such as transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) and ferroportin 1 (SCL40A1). AIMS: To evaluate the role of HFE, TfR2 and SCL40A1 mutations in Brazilian subjects with HH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nineteen male subjects (median age 42 [range: 20-72] years) with HH were evaluated using the Haemochromatosis StripAssay A®. This assay is capable of detecting twelve HFE mutations, which are V53M, V59M, H63D, H63H, S65C, Q127H, P160delC, E168Q, E168X, W169X, C282Y and Q283, four TfR2 mutations, which are E60X, M172K, Y250X, AVAQ594-597del, and two SCL40A1 mutations, which are N144H and V162del. RESULTS: In our cohort, nine (47%) patients were homozygous for the C282Y mutation, two (11%) were heterozygous for the H63D mutation, and one each (5%) was either heterozygous for C282Y or compound heterozygous for C282Y and H63D. No other mutations in the HFE, TfR2 or SCL40A1 genes were observed in the studied patients. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of Brazilian subjects with the classical phenotype of HH do not carry HFE or other mutations that are currently associated with the disease in Caucasians. This observation suggests a role for other yet unknown mutations in the aforementioned genes or in other genes involved in iron homeostasis in the pathogenesis of HH in Brazil

Os princípios cooperativistas e a identidade do movimento cooperativista em xeque

This paper contributes to the discussion on the current dilemma of cooperatives: maintain the identity of the movement or seek for more competitive forms to their development. The proposed approach is part of cross case study about the practice of cooperative principles in four credit unions in the state of Tocantins, in Brazil, in order to subsidize the debate. At the end, we present some points to advance the debate.Este texto contribui na discussão sobre o atual dilema das cooperativas: manter a identidade do movimento ou buscar formas mais competitivas para se desenvolver. A abordagem proposta parte de um estudo “cross case” sobre a prática de princípios cooperativistas em quatro cooperativas de crédito do estado do Tocantins no Brasil de modo a subsidiar o debate. Ao final são apresentados alguns pontos para o avanço do debate

Gestão e racionalidade: análise da metodologia de incubação de cooperativas populares da ITCP/NESol/UFT

This paper aims to analyze the premises which are the foundation for the incubation methodology of the Technological Incubator of Cooperatives for the Federal University of Tocantins – ITCP/ NESOL/ UFT, in the perspective of the concepts of management and technology. It was done an interview with the author of the book “Incubation of popular cooperatives: methodology of the development indicators”, published in 2007 and it was done a focal group with teachers and researchers of NEsol. The theoric arguments are based in the concepts of substantive and instrumental rationality, as well as, in the distinguition between Public, Strategy and Social Management. The research showed that all the premises in which this methodology is based promote an agreement reached by the critical discussion, the subjective appreciation approximating them of the concept of social management, ruled by the logic of substantive rationality which values allow the autonomy, the authenticity, the development of emancipator values, the ethic understanding and the auto-sustainability of the group.Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as premissas que embasam a metodologia de incubação da Incubadora Tecnológica de Cooperativas da Universidade Federal do Tocantins-ITCP/NESol/UFT, na perspectiva dos conceitos de Gestão e Racionalidade. Foi realizada uma entrevista com o autor do livro “Incubação de Cooperativas Populares: metodologia dos indicadores de desempenho”, publicado em 2007 e efetuou-se um grupo focal com professores e pesquisadores do NESol. A argumentação teórica está fundamentada nos conceitos de racionalidade substantiva e instrumental, bem como na distinção entre Gestão Pública, Estratégica e Social. A pesquisa revelou que todas as premissas que embasam esta metodologia promovem um acordo alcançado por meio da discussão crítica, da apreciação subjetiva, aproximando-as do conceito de gestão social, regido pela lógica da racionalidade substantiva cujos valores possibilitam a autonomia, a autenticidade, o desenvolvimento de valores emancipatórios, o entendimento ético e a autorrealização por meio do despertar do homem parentético, promovendo a autossustentabilidade do grupo

The Impact of Sugar Cane–Burning Emissions on the Respiratory System of Children and the Elderly

We analyzed the influence of emissions from burning sugar cane on the respiratory system during almost 1 year in the city of Piracicaba in southeast Brazil. From April 1997 through March 1998, samples of inhalable particles were collected, separated into fine and coarse particulate mode, and analyzed for black carbon and tracer elements. At the same time, we examined daily records of children ( 64 years of age) admitted to the hospital because of respiratory diseases. Generalized linear models were adopted with natural cubic splines to control for season and linear terms to control for weather. Analyses were carried out for the entire period, as well as for burning and nonburning periods. Additional models were built using three factors obtained from factor analysis instead of particles or tracer elements. Increases of 10.2 μg/m3 in particles ≥ 2.5 μm/m3 aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and 42.9 μg/m3 in PM10 were associated with increases of 21.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.3–38.5] and 31.03% (95% CI, 1.25–60.21) in child and elderly respiratory hospital admissions, respectively. When we compared periods, the effects during the burning period were much higher than the effects during nonburning period. Elements generated from sugar cane burning (factor 1) were those most associated with both child and elderly respiratory admissions. Our results show the adverse impact of sugar cane burning emissions on the health of the population, reinforcing the need for public efforts to reduce and eventually eliminate this source of air pollution