A EXPERIÊNCIA DA MATERNIDADE NA VELHICE: IMPLICAÇÕES DO CUIDADO AO FILHO COM DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL

O estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as implicações de cuidar de um filho adulto com deficiência intelectual no contexto em que a mãe já está vivenciando o envelhecimento. Participaram da pesquisa cinco mães com idades entre 69 e 85 anos, com pelo menos um filho com deficiência intelectual, que responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. A análise de conteúdo dos relatos, realizada conforme Bardin, revelou que essa vivência é uma experiência desafiadora. Essas mães abdicam do seu lazer, da vida social e do cuidado pessoal em virtude dos cuidados ao filho. Assim, encontram-se isoladas e com sentimentos de abandono e desamparo, bem como receios e dúvidas com relação ao futuro. Percebeu-se que essas mães necessitam de auxílio para ampliar a rede de apoio, o que poderá minimizar as dificuldades próprias da velhice. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância de se criar programas governamentais para atender às necessidades decorrentes do aumento da expectativa de vida da população. Há necessidade da criação de espaços de convivência, onde as pessoas com deficiência intelectual tenham oportunidade de frequentar em grupo sem a presença permanente da mãe

REQUIREMENTS PROCESSING TOOLS AND THE BUILDING DESIGNERS MOTIVATION ON USE

The successful development of projects requires, among other conditions, the ability to process requirements. In the construction literature, researchers have figured out that human difficulties was often at the root of Requirements Processing (RP) problems throughout the design phases, and that the employment of tools could be a key factor for RP implementation. To check these outcomes and to look at how current practitioners behave in relation to the RP tools, an exploratory case study was conducted with a building design team from a public university. The aim of this paper was to investigate the perception of benefits and the motivation of designers regarding the RP tools. The results indicated that 42% of the participants are highly motivated to use new tools and that they have more interest in tools that deal directly with design activities than in those focused on data. Validation tools aroused interest as the most useful tools for designers. 66,7% of the participants mentioned that the tools can make the design process clearer, and that training and adaptation are crucial to promote acceptance and commitment to RP. The main contribution is the indication of gaps for further research and for tools improvement from the designers’ perspective

REQUIREMENTS PROCESSING TOOLS AND THE BUILDING DESIGNERS MOTIVATION ON USE

The successful development of projects requires, among other conditions, the ability to process requirements. In the construction literature, researchers have figured out that human difficulties was often at the root of Requirements Processing (RP) problems throughout the design phases, and that the employment of tools could be a key factor for RP implementation.\ud To check these outcomes and to look at how current practitioners behave in relation to the RP tools, an exploratory case study was conducted with a building design team from a public university. The aim of this paper was to investigate the perception of benefits and the motivation of designers regarding the RP tools. The results indicated that 42% of the participants are highly motivated to use new tools and that they have more interest in tools that deal directly with design activities than in those focused on data. Validation tools aroused interest as the most useful tools for designers. 66,7% of the participants mentioned that the tools can make the design process clearer, and that training and adaptation are crucial to promote acceptance and commitment to RP. The main contribution is the indication of gaps for further research and for tools improvement from the designers’ perspective

Transcriptional regulatory networks controlling woolliness in peach in response to preharvest gibberellin application and cold storage

BACKGROUND: Postharvest fruit conservation relies on low temperatures and manipulations of hormone metabolism to maintain sensory properties. Peaches are susceptible to chilling injuries, such as ‘woolliness’ that is caused by juice loss leading to a ‘wooly’ fruit texture. Application of gibberellic acid at the initial stages of pit hardening impairs woolliness incidence, however the mechanisms controlling the response remain unknown. We have employed genome wide transcriptional profiling to investigate the effects of gibberellic acid application and cold storage on harvested peaches. RESULTS: Approximately half of the investigated genes exhibited significant differential expression in response to the treatments. Cellular and developmental process gene ontologies were overrepresented among the differentially regulated genes, whereas sequences in cell death and immune response categories were underrepresented. Gene set enrichment demonstrated a predominant role of cold storage in repressing the transcription of genes associated to cell wall metabolism. In contrast, genes involved in hormone responses exhibited a more complex transcriptional response, indicating an extensive network of crosstalk between hormone signaling and low temperatures. Time course transcriptional analyses demonstrate the large contribution of gene expression regulation on the biochemical changes leading to woolliness in peach. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results provide insights on the mechanisms controlling the complex phenotypes associated to postharvest textural changes in peach and suggest that hormone mediated reprogramming previous to pit hardening affects the onset of chilling injuries. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0659-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Identification of biomarkers associated to ‘Gala’ apples ripening and postharvest quality

Apple is, sociocultural and economically, on of the most important species in the world, and stands out for its high storage potential. However, the monitoring of factors that could result in fruit quality modifications during postharvest is essential to ensure the acceptability and for the development of new storage technologies in order to increase fruit shelf life. Approaches focused on molecular biology, such as RT-qPCR have been used to better understand the mechanisms involved in fruit development and maturation. In this study the use of RT-qPCR to monitoring apple quality during ripening and development in different postharvest conditions such as room temperature, cold storage with or without control of atmosphere and the 1-methylcyclopropene usage were proposed. The potential of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall modification and degradation, sugar and aroma metabolisms for employment as biomarkers of fruit development and quality were evaluated. Thus MdEXP4 is highlighted as biomarker for development and MdACO1, MdPG1, MdAF1, MdAF3 and MdAAT2 as potential biomarkers for ripening. MdACO1 and MdPG1 appear as suitable markers for quality, conservation technologies and storage time in apples. This work suggests that the study of gene expression by RT-qPCR may be an alternative for a better fruit characterization during the development and postharvest period.Apple is, sociocultural and economically, on of the most important species in the world, and stands out for its high storage potential. However, the monitoring of factors that could result in fruit quality modifications during postharvest is essential to ensure the acceptability and for the development of new storage technologies in order to increase fruit shelf life. Approaches focused on molecular biology, such as RT-qPCR have been used to better understand the mechanisms involved in fruit development and maturation. In this study the use of RT-qPCR to monitoring apple quality during ripening and development in different postharvest conditions such as room temperature, cold storage with or without control of atmosphere and the 1-methylcyclopropene usage were proposed. The potential of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall modification and degradation, sugar and aroma metabolisms for employment as biomarkers of fruit development and quality were evaluated. Thus MdEXP4 is highlighted as biomarker for development and MdACO1, MdPG1, MdAF1, MdAF3 and MdAAT2 as potential biomarkers for ripening. MdACO1 and MdPG1 appear as suitable markers for quality, conservation technologies and storage time in apples. This work suggests that the study of gene expression by RT-qPCR may be an alternative for a better fruit characterization during the development and postharvest period

Expressão de OsFRDL1, um membro da família MATE, indica seu envolvimento na resposta ao alumínio em arroz

In soils under acidic conditions, Aluminum (Al) is solubilized to its ionic form, which is toxic to plants. Al rapidly inhibits root elongation, water and nutrient uptake, resulting in crop yield reduction. Members of the MATE family are responsible for citrate transport and Al detoxification in different species. In rice, the OsFRDL1 gene (MATE family) is homologous to the HvAACT1 and SbMATE, which are involved in Al tolerance in barley and sorghum, respectively. Silencing OsFRDL1 showed that it is not involved in Al tolerance in rice. However, the OsFRDL1 expression was not accessed in rice genotypes contrasting for Al tolerance. Thus, in this study, four Brazilian rice genotypes were evaluated in response to Al treatment in different time of exposition and OsFRDL1 expression was analyzed. The analyzed cultivars displayed different responses to Al dose x time. Al affected root growth in all analyzed genotypes, however, a minor negative effect that only occurred after 72 and 48 hours of exposure was detected in Farroupilha and BRS Curinga cultivars, respectively. In contrast, BR-IRGA 410 and IAS 12-9 showed a negative effect in root growth from the first hours of exposure to Al. Two cultivars differing in Al tolerance were used for gene expression analysis. The expression of OsFRDL1 was highly increased in Al-tolerant cultivar Farroupilha than in the Al-sensitive cultivar BR IRGA 410. This results indicates that OsFRDL1 is regulated by Al. This finding suggests that OsFRDL1 is involved in Al stress response, however seems to be insufficient in controlling Al tolerance.Em solos em condições de acidez, o alumínio (Al) é solubilizado em sua forma iônica, a qual é tóxica para as plantas. O Al rapidamente inibe o crescimento radicular e a obtenção de água e nutrientes, resultando na redução da produtividade. Membros da família MATE são responsáveis pelo transporte do citrato e detoxificação do Al em diferentes espécies. Em arroz, o gene OsFRDL1 (da família MATE) é homólogo aos genes HvAACT1 e SbMATE, os quais são envolvidos na tolerância ao Al em cevada e sorgo, respectivamente. O silenciamento de OsFRDL1 demonstrou que este gene não é envolvido com a tolerância ao Al em arroz. No entanto, a expressão de OsFRDL1 não foi acessada em genótipos de arroz contrastantes quanto à tolerância ao Al. Assim, neste estudo, quatro genótipos de arroz brasileiros foram avaliados em resposta ao tratamento com Al em diferentes tempos de exposição e a expressão do gene OsFRDL1 também foi avaliada. Os genótipos analisados apresentaram diferentes respostas ao Al dose x tempo. O Al afetou o crescimento radicular em todos os genótipos avaliados, no entanto, um pequeno efeito negativo que ocorreu após 72 e 48 horas de exposição foi identificado nos genótipos Farroupilha e BRS Curinga, respectivamente. Por outro lado, BR-IRGA 410 e IAS 12-9 apresentaram um efeito negativo no crescimento radicular a partir das primeiras horas de exposição ao Al. Dois genótipos foram utilizados para as análises de expressão gênica. A expressão do gene OsFRDL1 foi aumentada no genótipo Farroupilha, tolerante ao Al, em relação ao genótipo BR IRGA 410, sensível ao Al. Estes resultados indicam que o gene OsFRDL1 está envolvido na resposta ao estresse por Al, no entanto, parece que este gene não é suficiente para controlar a tolerância ao Al

Proposal for elicitation and analysis of environmental requirements into the construction design process: a case study

Proposal: As new demands from sustainable development, environmental requirements arise as another challenge to design process management. It is already known that companies which design buildings are usually exposed to many managerial difficulties. Faced to the environmental demands, these companies require new facilities to align environmental requirements to the business goals and to include them properly in design process. This paper is based on a case study in a construction company, which was developed through interviews and document analysis. It is intended to present a procedure for the project environmental requirements elicitation, organization and analysis, which is based on the requirements engineering (ER) concepts. As results it was concluded that the ER concepts are useful for the environmental requirements integration into the design process and that strategic planning should give directions for the effective environmental requirements adherence. Moreover, a procedure for environmental requirements modeling is proposed. Key-words: Design process, Requirements management, Environmental requirements, ConstructionOs requisitos ambientais, enquanto demandas emergentes do desenvolvimento sustentável, surgem como mais um desafio na gestão do processo de projeto de edifícios. Tradicionalmente expostas a uma série de dificuldades gerenciais, as empresas que desenvolvem estes projetos vêem-se diante de uma nova oferta de demandas, e carecem de meios para incluí-las no processo de projeto de forma organizada e alinhada aos objetivos do seu negócio. Este artigo é baseado em um estudo de caso realizado uma construtora, por meio de entrevistas e análise documental, e tem por objetivo propor um procedimento, baseado na gestão de requisitos (GR), para a análise e integração de requisitos ambientais de um empreendimento ao processo de projeto. Entre os resultados, foi constatado que a GR é uma abordagem adequada para a integração dos requisitos ambientais ao processo de projeto e que, para serem efetivamente considerados e atendidos, as empresas devem emitir orientações desde o planejamento estratégico. Outra contribuição é a proposta de um procedimento para a modelagem dos requisitos ambientais ao longo do processo de projeto

Initial inflammatory response after the pulpotomy of rat molars with MTA or ferric sulfate

Purpose: To compare, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the inflammatory cells, vascular density and IL-6 immunolabeled cells present in the pulp after pulpotomy with white MTA versus 15.5% ferric sulfate (FS). Methodology: Forty-eight mandibular first molars from 24 Wistar rats were divided into MTA or FS groups and subdivided according to the period after pulpotomy procedure (24, 48 and 72 hours). Four teeth (sound and untreated) were used as controls. Histological sections were obtained and assessed through the descriptive analysis of morphological aspects of pulp tissue and the quantification of inflammatory cells, vascular density and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. Data were statistically analyzed (p<0.05). Results: The number of inflammatory cells was similar in both groups, being predominantly localized at the cervical radicular third. In the MTA group, increased inflammation was observed at 48 hours. Vascular density was similar in both groups and over time, being predominant in the medium radicular third. No correlation was found between the number of inflammatory cells and the vascular density. Pulp tissue was more organized in MTA-treated teeth. In both groups, a weak to moderate IL-6 expression was detected in odontoblasts and inflammatory cells. Comparing both groups, there was a greater IL-6 expression in the cervical radicular third of teeth treated with MTA at 24 hours and in the medium and apical thirds at 72 hours, while in the FS group a greater IL-6 expression was found in the apical third at 24 hours. Conclusion: The MTA group presented better histological features and greater IL-6 expression than the FS group. However, no difference was observed between the groups regarding the inflammatory status and vascularization, suggesting the usefulness of FS as a low-cost alternative to MTA

Caracterização de genótipos de arroz utilizados no Brasil quanto à tolerância à salinidade no estádio de plântula

Rice production (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most economically important activities in the world. However, soil and salinity coming from irrigation water reduce rice yield. Therefore, the identification and/or development of salt-tolerant rice genotypes is a strategy to minimize this problem. The development of new genotypes depends on the presence of genetic diversity, and understanding the heritability of a desired trait can help in the selection process. Thus, this study aimed to identify superior genotypes, analyze the genetic diversity and estimate the heritability for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in rice genotypes used in Brazil. For this, seedlings of 69 genotypes were kept in hydroponic solution with 40 mM NaCl (4 dSm-1) for seven days. Shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight) were evaluated and the results were converted into relative performance. Tolerant and moderately salt-tolerant genotypes were identified at the seedling stage, which can be used in breeding programs and can be cultivated in high salinity areas. Principal component analysis showed the presence of genetic diversity for salinity response. Finally, it was shown that most of the observed variation is of genetic origin, which can make the breeding process less difficult.O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é uma espécie com grande importância econômica no mundo. A salinidade do solo ou da água reduz a produtividade da cultura. Por isso, a identificação e/ou desenvolvimento de genótipos de arroz com tolerância à salinidade é uma estratégia para minimizar esse problema. O desenvolvimento de novos genótipos depende da presença de variabilidade genética, e o conhecimento da herdabilidade da característica de interesse pode auxiliar no processo de seleção. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar genótipos superiores, analisar a variabilidade genética e estimar a herdabilidade para tolerância a salinidade no estádio de plântula em genótipos de arroz utilizados no Brasil. Para isso, plântulas de 69 genótipos foram mantidas em solução hidropônica acrescida de 40mM de NaCl (4 dSm-1) durante sete dias. Foram avaliados comprimento de parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, peso seco de parte aérea, e peso seco de raiz e os resultados foram convertidos em desempenho relativo.  Foram identificados genótipos tolerantes e moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade no estádio de plântula, os quais podem ser utilizados em programas de melhoramento e cultivados em áreas com ocorrência desse estresse. A análise de componentes principais mostrou a presença de variabilidade genética para resposta à salinidade. Finalmente, foi demonstrado que a maior parte da variação observada nos caracteres é de origem genética, o que pode tornar o processo de melhoramento menos difícil