Primeros acercamientos a los estudios líticos desde diversas tendencias teórico metodológicas

Dando lugar a la posibilidad de expresión a futurxs arqueólogxs en pleno proceso de formación, se decidió apostar a la generación de un espacio de intercambio de resultados y avances de investigación alcanzados. Se constituyó así una Mesa de Estudiantes en el 1º Congreso Argentino de Estudios Líticos en Arqueología (1º CAELA) realizado en septiembre de 2018, siendo una excelente oportunidad para dialogar y reflexionar sobre los diversos casos referidos al estudio del material lítico desde una vasta pluralidad de marcos teóricos y metodológicos, como así también temporales y espaciales

Archaeological impact assessment in the center of Cordoba city, Argentina: The case of ituzaingó 249

Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares de un estudio de impacto arqueológico en el centro de la ciudad de Córdoba. Durante las tareas realizadas, se recuperaron y caracterizaron un total de 1933 objetos correspondientes a fragmentos de metal, loza, cerámica y restos de fauna. Por otro lado, se registraron estructuras dando cuenta de la diversidad de materiales y técnicas constructivas observadas.Con el objetivo de preservar la cultura material hallada, se buscó registrar, describir y gestionar todos aquellos artefactos recuperados producto de la historia ocupacional de un sitio residencial durante los siglos XVIII, XIX y XX.Estos primeros acercamientos permitieron aportar información a los estudios de la dinámica y el uso del espacio urbano, enriqueciendo y complementando la historia documental de la ciudad. Por otra parte, fue posible demostrar la importancia de actuar adecuadamente ante el impacto negativo que generan las nuevas construcciones en el patrimonio arqueológico local.This paper presents preliminary results of an archaeological impact assessment in the center of Córdoba city. A total of 1,933 objects, corresponding to fragments of metal, crockery, pottery, and faunal remains were recovered and characterized. At the same time, some structures were revealed, which account for the diversity of materials and construction techniques. With the aim of preserving the cultural heritage found, all the recovered artifacts were recorded, described and managed, as an evidence of the occupational history of a residential site during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. These first approaches allowed us to contribute to the studies of the dynamics and use of urban spaces, enriching and complementing the documentary history of the city. Besides, it was possible to demonstrate the importance of acting against the negative impacts that new buildings can produce on local archaeological heritage.Fil: Brizuela, Camila de Fátima. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Mignino, Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba; Argentin

Prevalence of Lentilacobacillus hilgardii over Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Low-Temperature Spontaneous Malolactic Fermentation of a Patagonian Pinot Noir

The spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) in a centenary winery from Patagonia, Argentina, is conducted by predominantly mesophilic Oenococcus oeni and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. In this region, MLF takes place from 14 to 4 °C, leading to heat cellars incurring in higher costs and non-sustainable practices. Previously, psychrotrophic strains of O. oeni had been obtained from a Patagonian wine. The goal of this work was to identify the Lactobacillaceae microbiota related to low-temperature MLF and assess their contribution. Nine sychrotrophicc Lentilactibacillus hilgardii strains were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, and the strains typified by RAPD-PCR. All strains consumed L-malic acid at 4 and 10 °C in sterile wine. The selected UNQLh1.1 strain revealed implantation capacity and L-malic acid consumption at 4 and 10 °C in the presence of the native microbial consortium. Furthermore, the histidine decarboxylase (hdc) gene was not detected in any of the Len. hilgardii strains. The prevalence of Len. hilgardii under low-temperature conditions represents a novelty compared to previous findings of LAB diversity in the MLF of Patagonian wines. The native Patagonian psychrotrophic Len. hilgardii strains are a new player in fermentations conducted at low temperatures with the potential to be used as a sustainable MLF starter.Fil: Manera, Camila. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Rivas, Gabriel Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Flores, Naiquen Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Brizuela, Natalia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Caballero, Adriana Carmen. Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Semorile, Liliana Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Valdes la Hens, Danay. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Architectural composition and aesthetics quality

Este artigo analisa a relação entre composição arquitetônica e qualidade estética, considerando os pressupostos da estética filosófica e da estética empírica, e o papel da estética formal e da estética simbólica em explicar tal relação. Edificações históricas e contemporâneas com distintos níveis de ordem e estímulo visual são avaliadas por pessoas com distintos níveis e tipos de formação acadêmica e são identificadas as razões para tais avaliações. A coleta de dados inclui levantamentos de arquivo, levantamentos físicos, questionários e entrevistas realizados com 60 arquitetos, 60 não arquitetos com curso universitário e 60 pessoas sem curso universitário, que avaliaram imagens de três edificações históricas e três edificações contemporâneas, categorizadas conforme segue: ordem e estímulo visual; ordem e pouco estímulo visual; e desordem. As respostas dos questionários foram analisadas através de testes estatísticos não paramétricos, tais como Kruskal-Wallis e Kendall W. As informações fornecidas através das entrevistas foram analisadas por meio de suas frequências e significados. Os resultados indicam, que, embora os arquitetos tendam a valorizar a existência de ordem na composição arquitetônica e os não arquitetos a valorizar a existência de estímulo visual, quando ambos estão presentes a composição arquitetônica tende a ser avaliada positivamente.The article analyses the relationship between architectural composition and aesthetic quality, considering the assumptions of philosophical aesthetics and empirical aesthetics, and the role of formal and symbolic aesthetics to explain this relationship. Historic and contemporary buildings with different levels of order and visual stimuli are evaluated by people with different levels and types of college education, and the reasons for such assessments are identified. Data collection includes archival records, physical measurements, and questionnaires and interviews conducted with 60 architects, 60 non-architect college graduates and 60 non-college graduates, in order to evaluate images of three historic buildings and three contemporary buildings, classified as: order and visual stimuli; order and low visual stimuli; and disorder. The responses to the questionnaires were analysed using nonparametric statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis and Kendall W. The information provided in the interviews was analysed through its frequency and meanings. The results indicate that while architects tended to place great value on the existence of order in an architectural composition and non-architects tended to place great value on the existence of visual stimulus, when both are present, the architectural composition tends to be positively evaluated

Estructura del paisaje y sus implicancias en la tafonomía de restos presa contenidos en egagrópilas de Athene cunicularia: un estudio de caso desde el Chaco Seco, Córdoba

Este trabajo tiene el propósito de evaluar las diferencias a nivel taxonómico y tafonómico entre los ensambles de micromamíferos contenidos en egagrópilas de lechucita de las vizcacheras (Athene cunicularia) recuperadas en cuatro nidos muestreados en distintos puntos de un campo ubicado en el Departamento Minas, al noroeste de la provincia de Córdoba, al interior del Chaco Seco. A partir de este estudio nos proponemos explorar y evaluar la influencia de los microambientes (composición y cobertura vegetal) inmediatos a cada nido en la estructura taxonómica de los ensambles de micromamíferos recuperados y, de esta forma, proveer herramientas para reforzar y fortalecer las inferencias paleoambientales en contextos con ocupaciones humanas a escala regional. Para este fin, incorporamos al análisis de las egagrópilas, muestreos e identificación de la vegetación en campo y la aplicación de herramientas de la geomática sobre imágenes satelitales. Los resultados de la comparación entre los distintos análisis indican una variación en la presencia/ausencia de especies de micromamíferos entre los cuatro nidos muestreados. En consonancia con lo anterior, proponemos que la composición general de la estructura del paisaje (vegetación más dispersa vs. vegetación más tupida) sería la causa principal de estas variaciones. Los resultados de los análisis tafonómicos revelaron índices de abundancia relativa elevados, alta fragmentación y proporciones elevadas de restos con modificaciones por digestión. Las intensidades de digestión detectadas fueron de leve a fuerte. No se observaron modificaciones de tipo extrema

Methodological contributions to the study of flaked quartz lithic technology (Argentina)

El cuarzo fue una de las materias primas más utilizada para la manufactura de instrumentos líticos a través del tiempo y del espacio. Sin embargo, su gran dureza, la presencia de planos de fractura y otras imperfecciones causaron que no haya sido frecuentemente seleccionado donde se podía acceder a rocas de mejor calidad para la talla. No obstante, en muchos lugares fue utilizado de manera casi exclusiva. Esto implica la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias metodológicas para la identificación de rasgos diagnósticos particulares de la talla en este mineral, que no se desarrollan o no se perciben tan claramente como en otras rocas de mejor calidad. Es por ello que, este trabajo pretende ser un aporte de diversas experiencias de análisis de conjuntos líticos tallados en cuarzo en las Sierras Pampeanas de Argentina, con el espíritu de generar categorías analíticas que permitan comprender cuáles fueron las elecciones de las antiguas poblaciones frente al cuarzo y promover las comparaciones entre los y las especialistas dedicados a esta temática.Quartz was one of the most used raw materials for manufacturing lithic tools through time and space. However, due to its great hardness, the presence of fracture planes, and inclusions, it was not frequently selected when better quality raw materials could be accessed. Nevertheless, in many places, it was used almost exclusively. This calls for the need to develop methodological strategies for the identification of diagnostic percussion features in this mineral, which do not always develop or are not perceived as clearly, as in rocks of better quality. This work aims to contribute to the study of quartz lithic assemblages, based on our experiences with different samples coming from the Pampean Ranges of Argentina. We intend to generate analytical categories that allow us to understand ancient knapper choices regarding quartz and promote comparisons between specialists dedicated to this subject

Conocimientos circulares ancestrales: Despertó nuestro Mapuzungun

El presente Proyecto es la integración de saberes y diálogos interculturales en una creación Artístico- Literaria y comunitaria, donde se ponen en valor lo simbólico como patrimonio cultural del pueblo mapuche, resignificando lo ancestral en el contexto contemporáneo bonaerense.Fil: Aramburú, Guillermo José. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Millan, Mirta Fabiana. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Puñalef, Darío Rafael. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Acosta, Maia Bárbara. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Antieco, Juana Estela. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Arispe, Camila. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Brizuela, Agustina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Lencina, Rocio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; ArgentinaFil: Mendoza, Graciela Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Merlo, Julio Fabián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano; ArgentinaFil: Pioppi, Natalia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Rubiolo, Ana. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Sansone, Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Sandra Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Thea, Alba. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentin

Prevalence and management of ectopic and molar pregnancies in 17 countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean: a secondary analysis of the WHO multi-country cross-sectional survey on abortion.

INTRODUCTION: There are limited global data on ectopic pregnancy (EP) and molar pregnancy (MP), making it important to understand their epidemiology and management across different regions. Our study aimed to describe their prevalence for both conditions, severity of their complications and management among women in selected health facilities across 17 countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of the WHO multi-country survey on abortion. Data were collected from 280 healthcare facilities across 11 countries in Africa and 6 in LAC. Sociodemographic information, signs and symptoms, management and clinical outcomes were extracted from medical records. Facility-level data on post-abortion care (PAC) capabilities were also collected, and facilities were classified accordingly. χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical data. RESULTS: The total number of women with EP and MP across both regions was 9.9% (2 415/24 424) where EP accounted for 7.8% (1 904/24 424) and MP for 2.1% (511/24 424). EP presented a higher severity of complications than MP. At admission, 49.8% of EP had signs of peritoneal irritation. The most common surgical management for EP was laparotomy (87.2%) and for MP, uterine evacuation (89.8%). Facilities with higher scores in infrastructure and capability to provide PAC more frequently provided minimal invasive management using methotrexate/other medical treatment (34.9%) and laparoscopy (5.1%). CONCLUSION: In Africa and LAC, EP and MP cause significant maternal morbidity and mortality. The disparity in the provision of good quality care highlights the need to strengthen the implementation of evidence-based recommendations in the clinical and surgical management of EP and MP

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation