Microspore embryogenesis: cell wall dynamics and reprogramming of cell fate

[ES] Los dobles haploides son una gran herramienta para la mejora genética de híbridos debido a que se puede alcanzar la homocigosis completa en una sola generación. Entre las técnicas usadas para obtener estas plantas, la inducción de la embriogénesis de microsporas, mediante el cultivo de anteras o de microsporas, es la más eficiente y la más usada. La embriogénesis de microsporas es también un ejemplo de totipotencia de las células vegetales gracias a su habilidad de reprogramar su desarrollo gametofítico hacia una ruta esporofítica, donde las células proliferan de forma organizada para crear un nuevo organismo. Como en muchos otros procesos in vitro, las condiciones de cultivo deben ser optimizadas para incrementar la eficiencia. En la presente Tesis Doctoral, hemos usado dos especies como sistemas experimentales para estudiar y optimizar el cultivo de microsporas. Por un lado, usamos berenjena (Solanum melongena) como un ejemplo de cultivo de importancia económica en el que los protocolos todavía tienen mucho margen de mejora. La optimización de la densidad celular y los reguladores de crecimiento han demostrado ser útiles para modificar la eficiencia del cultivo de microsporas de berenjena. Por otra parte, hemos utilizado el cultivo de microsporas de Brassica napus para estudios básicos puesto que ha sido ampliamente usado como modelo para entender procesos celulares que ocurren durante este cambio en el desarrollo. Se detalla un protocolo estandarizado para el cultivo de microsporas de B. napus, el cual ha sido utilizado en todos los cultivos en esta Tesis para explorar una serie de procesos y estructuras celulares potencialmente implicados en el cambio de desarrollo hacia embriogénesis. Estos procesos incluyen estrés del retículo endoplásmico, muerte celular programada, autofagia y estructura y composición de la pared celular. Estudiamos en paralelo el cultivo de microsporas de dos genotipos de B. napus con diferente respuesta androgénica en condiciones estándar y añadiendo Tricostatina A, un modulador epigenético que ha mostrado ser beneficioso para la respuesta androgénica en algunos casos. En conjunto, esta Tesis representa un avance en la optimización del cultivo de microsporas en estas especies y arroja luz sobre el papel de algunos procesos en el contexto de embriogénesis de microsporas.[CA] Els dobles haploides són una gran eina en millora vegetal per a la producció d'híbrids, a causa de la seua total homozigosi, que es pot aconseguir en només una generació in vitro. Entre les diverses tècniques que s'utilitzen per tal d'obtenir aquestes plantes, la inducció de l'embriogènesi de microspores, mitjançant cultiu d'anteres o microspores, és la més comuna i eficient. L'embriogènesi de microspores també és un exemple de la totipotència de les cèl·lules vegetals, capaços de reprogramar-se d'una via gametofítica a una via esporofítica, on proliferen de manera organitzada per crear un nou organisme. Com en moltes altres tecniques in vitro, s'han d'optimitzar les condicions del cultiu per tal d'augmentar l'eficiència. En la present Tesi Doctoral, hem utilitzat dues espècies de plantes com a sistemes experimentals per estudiar i optimitzar el cultiu de microspores. Per una banda, hem utilitzat l'albergínia (Solanum melongena) com a exemple de cultiu d'importància econòmica on els protocols encara tenen marge per a l'optimització. La optimització de la densitat de cèl·lules en cultiu i la concentració de reguladors de creixement van demostrar ser útils per modificar l'eficiència de la resposta dels cultius de microspores d'albergínia. D'altra banda, hem utilitzat cultius de microspores de Brassica napus principalment per a estudis bàsics, ja que s'utilitza àmpliament com a model per entendre els processos cel·lulars que es produeixen durant aquest canvi de desenvolupament. Es detalla un protocol estandarditzat per al cultiu de microspores de B. napus, que s'ha utilitzat en tots els cultius inclosos en aquesta Tesi per explorar una sèrie de processos i estructures cel·lulars potencialment implicades en el canvi de desenvolupament cap a l'embriogènesi. Aquests inclouen l'estrès del reticle endoplasmàtic, la mort cel·lular programada, l'autofàgia i l'estructura i composició de la paret cel·lular. Vam estudiar en paral·lel cultius de microspores de dos genotips de B. napus amb diferent resposta androgènica, cultivats en condicions estàndard i afegint-hi Tricostatina A, un modulador epigenètic que s¿ha demostrat beneficiós per a la resposta androgènica en alguns casos. En conjunt, aquesta Tesi representa un avanç en l'optimització dels cultius de microsporas en aquestes espècies i aporta llum sobre el paper d'alguns processos en el context de l'embriogènesi de microspores.[EN] Doubled haploids are a great tool for hybrid breeding due to their complete homozygosity achievable in only one in vitro generation. Among the several techniques used to obtain these plants, induction of microspore embryogenesis, via anther or microspore culture, is the most common and efficient approach. Microspore embryogenesis is also an example of totipotency of plant cells due to their ability to reprogram themselves from a gametophytic to a sporophytic pathway, where cells proliferate in an organized way to create a new organism. As in many other in vitro procedures, culture conditions must be optimized in order to increase efficiency. In the present Doctoral Thesis, we used two plant species as experimental systems to study and optimize microspore culture. On one hand, we used eggplant (Solanum melongena) as an example of economically important crop where protocols have still room for optimization. Optimization of cell density and growth regulators demonstrated to be useful to modify the efficiency of eggplant microspore cultures. On the other hand, we used B. napus microspore cultures principally for basic studies since it is widely used as a model to understand cellular processes occurring during this developmental switch. A standardized protocol for Brassica napus microspore culture is detailed, which was used in all the cultures included in this Thesis to explore a series of processes and cellular structures potentially involved in the developmental switch towards embryogenesis. These included endoplasmic reticulum stress, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cell wall structure and composition. We studied in parallel microspore cultures from two B. napus genotypes with different androgenic response cultured in standard conditions and adding Trichostatin A, a epigenetic modulator shown to be beneficial for the androgenic response in some cases. Together, this Thesis represents an advance in the optimization of microspore cultures in these species, and sheds light on the role of some processes within the context of microspore embryogenesis.Thanks are due to the Electron Microscopy Service of Universitat Politècnica de València, Marisol Gascón (IBMCP Microscopy Service). This work was supported by grant AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS from MICINN jointly funded by FEDER and by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (656579) to PC-M This work was supported by grant AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS from MINECO jointly funded by FEDER.Camacho Fernández, C. (2021). Microspore embryogenesis: cell wall dynamics and reprogramming of cell fate [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/163698TESI

Calidad de vida en niños pequeños portadores de un implante coclear

ResumenEn este artículo se presenta una investigación desarrollada durante un curso escolar en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía (2010-2011). El tema central del estudio es analizar la influencia del implante coclear en la mejora de la calidad de vida de niños que lo han recibido en sus primeros años de vida. No es el propósito de este trabajo describir íntegramente la investigación, sino que de forma selectiva se hace un recorrido por el diseño metodológico y los resultados de la investigación, que nos lleva a plantear una serie de reflexiones finales acerca de la mejora de la forma de vida y del desarrollo personal de niños que padecen hipoacusia y son portadores de un implante coclear.AbstractThis article describes a study conducted in an Andalusia Community school (year 2010-2011). It studied the influence of cochlear implantation on improving the quality of life of the children who received implants during their early years. The methodological design and results of the study are also presented, in order to find a better solution to improve the life conditions and personal development of children suffering hearing loss, and having a cochlear implant

Optimal generation scheduling in hydro-power plants with the Coral Reefs Optimization algorithm

Hydro-power plants are able to produce electrical energy in a sustainable way. A known format for producing energy is through generation scheduling, which is a task usually established as a Unit Commitment problem. The challenge in this process is to define the amount of energy that each turbine-generator needs to deliver to the plant, to fulfill the requested electrical dispatch commitment, while coping with the operational restrictions. An optimal generation scheduling for turbine-generators in hydro-power plants can offer a larger amount of energy to be generated with respect to non-optimized schedules, with significantly less water consumption. This work presents an efficient mathematical modelling for generation scheduling in a real hydro-power plant in Brazil. An optimization method based on different versions of the Coral Reefs Optimization algorithm with Substrate Layers (CRO) is proposed as an effective method to tackle this problem.This approach uses different search operators in a single population to refine the search for an optimal scheduling for this problem. We have shown that the solution obtained with the CRO using Gaussian search in exploration is able to produce competitive solutions in terms of energy production. The results obtained show a huge savings of 13.98 billion (liters of water) monthly projected versus the non-optimized scheduling.European CommissionMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadComunidad de Madri

Improved regeneration of eggplant doubled haploids from microspore-derived calli through organogenesis

[EN] Doubled haploid (DH) technology allows for the production of pure lines, useful for plant breeding, through a one-generation procedure that reduces considerably the time and resources needed to produce them. Despite the advantages of microspore culture to obtain DHs, this technique is still insufficiently developed in eggplant, where DHs are produced from microsporederived calli through organogenesis. At present, very little is known on the best in vitro conditions to promote this process. This is why in this work we addressed the optimization of the process of regeneration of eggplant DH plants from microspore-derived calli. We evaluated the effect of different media compositions in the induction of organogenesis, in the promotion of shoot growth and elongation, and in root growth. According to our results, we propose the repeated subculture of the calli in MS medium with 0.2 mg/l IAA and 4 mg/l zeatin to produce shoots, and then the repeated subculture of the excised shoots in basal MS medium to promote their conversion into entire plantlets. This procedure yielded 7.6 plants per 100 cultured calli, which represents a *49 increase with respect to previous reports. We also evaluated by flow cytometry and SSR molecular markers the effect of these in vitro culture conditions in the rate of DH plant production, finding that*70 % of the regenerated plants were true DHs. These results substantially improve the efficiencies of DH recovery published to date in eggplant, and may be useful to those working in the field of eggplant doubled haploidy and breeding.We acknowledge Dr. Rosa Peiro for her statistical advice, and the staff of the COMAV greenhouses for their valuable help. This work was supported by the AGL2014-55177-R grant from Spanish MINECO to JMSS.Rivas Sendra, A.; Corral Martínez, P.; Camacho Fernández, C.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2015). Improved regeneration of eggplant doubled haploids from microspore-derived calli through organogenesis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 122(3):759-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0791-6S7597651223Asif M, Eudes F, Randhawa H, Amundsen E, Spaner D (2014) Phytosulfokine alpha enhances microspore embryogenesis in both triticale and wheat. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 116:125–130Borgato L, Conicella C, Pisani F, Furini A (2007) Production and characterization of arboreous and fertile Solanum melongena plus Solanum marginatum somatic hybrid plants. Planta 226:961–969Castillo AM, Nielsen NH, Jensen A, Vallés MP (2014) Effects of n-butanol on barley microspore embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 117:411–418Corral-Martínez P, Seguí-Simarro JM (2012) Efficient production of callus-derived doubled haploids through isolated microspore culture in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Euphytica 187:47–61Corral-Martínez P, Seguí-Simarro JM (2014) Refining the method for eggplant microspore culture: effect of abscisic acid, epibrassinolide, polyethylene glycol, naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and arabinogalactan proteins. Euphytica 195:369–382Dhooghe E, Van Laere K, Eeckhaut T, Leus L, Van Huylenbroeck J (2011) Mitotic chromosome doubling of plant tissues in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 104:359–373Dumas de Vaulx R, Chambonnet D (1982) Culture in vitro d’anthères d’aubergine (Solanum melongena L.): stimulation de la production de plantes au moyen de traitements à 35°C associés à de faibles teneurs en substances de croissance. Agronomie 2:983–988Dunwell JM (2010) Haploids in flowering plants: origins and exploitation. Plant Biotechnol J 8:377–424Eshaghi ZC, Abdollahi MR, Moosavi SS, Deljou A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2015) Induction of androgenesis and production of haploid embryos in anther cultures of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11240-015-0768-5Franklin G, Sheeba CJ, Sita GL (2004) Regeneration of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) from root explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 40:188–191Gisbert C, Prohens J, Nuez F (2006) Efficient regeneration in two potential new crops for subtropical climates, the scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum) and gboma (S. macrocarpon) eggplants. New Zeal J Crop Hort Sci 34:55–62Kaur M, Dhatt AS, Sandhu JS, Gosal SS (2011) In vitro plant regeneration in brinjal from cultured seedling explants. Indian J Hortic 68:61–65Kim M, Park E-J, An D, Lee Y (2013) High-quality embryo production and plant regeneration using a two-step culture system in isolated microspore cultures of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 112:191–201Miyoshi K (1996) Callus induction and plantlet formation through culture of isolated microspores of eggplant (Solanum melongena L). Plant Cell Rep 15:391–395Mohinuddin AKM, Chowdhury MKU, Abdullah Zaliha C, Napis S (1997) Influence of silver nitrate (ethylene inhibitor) on cucumber in vitro shoot regeneration. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 51:75–78Moshkov IE, Novikova GV, Hall MA, George EF (2008) Plant growth regulators III: gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, their analogues and inhibitors; miscellaneous compounds. In George EF, Hall MA, De Klerk GJ (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture, 3 edn, vol 1. Springer, DordrechtParra-Vega V, Renau-Morata B, Sifres A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2013) Stress treatments and in vitro culture conditions influence microspore embryogenesis and growth of callus from anther walls of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 112:353–360Rotino GL (1996) Haploidy in eggplant. In: Jain SM, Sopory SK, Veilleux RE (eds) In vitro haploid production in higher plants, vol 3. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 115–141Salas P, Prohens J, Seguí-Simarro JM (2011) Evaluation of androgenic competence through anther culture in common eggplant and related species. Euphytica 182:261–274Seguí-Simarro JM (2015) Androgenesis in solanaceae. In Germanà MA, Lambardi M (eds), In vitro embryogenesis. Springer Science + Business Media, The NetherlandsSeguí-Simarro JM, Nuez F (2006) Androgenesis induction from tomato anther cultures: callus characterization. Acta Hort 725:855–861Seguí-Simarro JM, Corral-Martínez P, Parra-Vega V, González-García B (2011) Androgenesis in recalcitrant solanaceous crops. Plant Cell Rep 30:765–778Sgamma T, Thomas B, Muleo R (2015) Ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate enhances regeneration and genetic transformation of Prunus avium (L.) cv Stella. 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Effects of growth conditions of donor plants and in vitro culture environment in the viability and the embryogenic response of microspores of different eggplant genotypes

[EN] Notwithstanding the importance of eggplant in global horticulture, doubled haploid production in this species is still far from being efficient. Although acknowledged to have a role in the efficiency of androgenesis induction, factors such as the growth conditions of donor plant or the in vitro culture environment have not been deeply explored or not explored at all in eggplant, which leaves room for further improvement. In this work, we investigated the effects of different in vivo and in vitro parameters on the androgenic performance of different eggplant genotypes, including two hybrids and a DH line. The in vivo parameters included the exposure of donor plants to different temperature and light conditions and to increased levels of boron. The in vitro parameters included the use of different concentrations of NLN medium components, sucrose and growth regulators, and the suspension of microspores at different densities. Our results showed that whereas greenhouse temperature variations or boron application did not to have a positive influence, greenhouse lighting influenced their viability, thereby conditioning the embryogenic response. Changes in different sucrose, salts and hormone levels had different effects in the genotypes studied, which correlated with their genetic constitution. Finally, we determined the best microspore density, different from that previously proposed. Our work shed light on the role of different factors involved in eggplant microspore cultures, some of them not yet studied, contributing to make microspore culture a more efficient tool in eggplant breeding.This work was supported by Grant AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS from Spanish MICINN, respectively, jointly funded by FEDER. ARS and CCF were supported by predoctoral fellowships from the FPI Programs of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and Generalitat Valenciana, respectively.Rivas-Sendra, A.; Corral Martínez, P.; Camacho-Fernández, C.; Porcel, R.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2020). Effects of growth conditions of donor plants and in vitro culture environment in the viability and the embryogenic response of microspores of different eggplant genotypes. Euphytica. 216(11):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02709-4S11521611Abdollahi MR, Corral-Martinez P, Mousavi A, Salmanian AH, Moieni A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2009) An efficient method for transformation of pre-androgenic, isolated Brassica napus microspores involving microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Acta Physiol Plant 31:1313–1317Aulinger IE (2002) Combination of in vitro androgenesis and biolistic transformation: an approach for breeding transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) lines. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, p 115Borderies G, le Bechec M, Rossignol M, Lafitte C, Le Deunff E, Beckert M, Dumas C, Matthys-Rochon E (2004) Characterization of proteins secreted during maize microspore culture: arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) stimulate embryo development. Eur J Cell Biol 83:205–212Bueno MA, Gómez A, Sepúlveda F, Seguí-Simarro JM, Testillano PS, Manzanera JA, Risueño MC (2003) Microspore-derived embryos from Quercus suber anthers mimic zygotic embryos and maintain haploidy in long-term anther culture. J Plant Physiol 160:953–960Camacho-Fernández C, Hervás D, Rivas-Sendra A, Marín MP, Seguí-Simarro JM (2018) Comparison of six different methods to calculate cell densities. Plant Methods 14:30Chambonnet D (1988) Production of haploid eggplant plants. 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Plant Cell Rep 22:365–370Jouannic S, Champion A, Seguí-Simarro JM, Salimova E, Picaud A, Tregear J, Testillano P, Risueno MC, Simanis V, Kreis M, Henry Y (2001) The protein kinases AtMAP3Kepsilon1 and BnMAP3Kepsilon1 are functional homologues of S. pombe cdc7p and may be involved in cell division. Plant J 26:637–649Kim M, Jang I-C, Kim J-A, Park E-J, Yoon M, Lee Y (2008) Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) through isolated microspore culture. Plant Cell Rep 27:425–434Kim M, Park E-J, An D, Lee Y (2013) High-quality embryo production and plant regeneration using a two-step culture system in isolated microspore cultures of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 112:191–201Lantos C, Juhasz AG, Vagi P, Mihaly R, Kristof Z, Pauk J (2012) Androgenesis induction in microspore culture of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Biotechnol Rep 6:123–132Liu L, Huang L, Li Y (2013) Influence of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of areca pollen. Am J Plant Sci 4:1669–1674Miyoshi K (1996) Callus induction and plantlet formation through culture of isolated microspores of eggplant (Solanum melongena L). Plant Cell Rep 15:391–395Paire A, Devaux P, Lafitte C, Dumas C, Matthys-Rochon E (2003) Proteins produced by barley microspores and their derived androgenic structures promote in vitro zygotic maize embryo formation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 73:167–176Parra-Vega V, Seguí-Simarro JM (2013) Improvement of an isolated microspore culture protocol for Spanish sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In: Lanteri S, Rotino GL (eds) Breakthroughs in the genetics and breeding of Capsicum and Eggplant. Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy, pp 161–168Peñaloza P, Toloza P (2018) Boron increases pollen quality, pollination, and fertility of different genetic lines of pepper. J Plant Nutr 41:969–979Rivas-Sendra A, Corral-Martínez P, Camacho-Fernández C, Seguí-Simarro JM (2015) Improved regeneration of eggplant doubled haploids from microspore-derived calli through organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 122:759–765Rivas-Sendra A, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2017a) Dynamics of calcium during in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo microspore development in Brassica napus and Solanum melongena. Front Plant Sci 8:1177Rivas-Sendra A, Campos-Vega M, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2017b) Development and characterization of an eggplant (Solanum melongena) doubled haploid population and a doubled haploid line with high androgenic response. Euphytica 213:89Rivas-Sendra A, Corral-Martínez P, Porcel R, Camacho-Fernández C, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2019) Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated with their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer. J Exp Bot 70:1267–1281Robert HS, Grunewald W, Sauer M, Cannoot B, Soriano M, Swarup R, Weijers D, Bennett M, Boutilier K, Friml J (2015) Plant embryogenesis requires AUX/LAX-mediated auxin influx. Development 142:702–711Rotino GL (1996) Haploidy in eggplant. In: Jain SM, Sopory SK, Veilleux RE (eds) In vitro haploid production in higher plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 115–141Salas P, Prohens J, Seguí-Simarro JM (2011) Evaluation of androgenic competence through anther culture in common eggplant and related species. Euphytica 182:261–274Salas P, Rivas-Sendra A, Prohens J, Seguí-Simarro JM (2012) Influence of the stage for anther excision and heterostyly in embryogenesis induction from eggplant anther cultures. Euphytica 184:235–250Satpute G, Long H, Seguí-Simarro JM, Risueño MC, Testillano PS (2005) Cell architecture during gametophytic and embryogenic microspore development in Brassica napus. 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Cell Wall Composition and Structure Define the Developmental Fate of Embryogenic Microspores in Brassica napus

[EN] Microspore cultures generate a heterogeneous population of embryogenic structures that can be grouped into highly embryogenic structures [exine-enclosed (EE) and loose bicellular structures (LBS)] and barely embryogenic structures [compact callus (CC) and loose callus (LC) structures]. Little is known about the factors behind these different responses. In this study we performed a comparative analysis of the composition and architecture of the cell walls of each structure by confocal and quantitative electron microscopy. Each structure presented specific cell wall characteristics that defined their developmental fate. EE and LBS structures, which are responsible for most of the viable embryos, showed a specific profile with thin walls rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), highly and low methyl-esterified pectin and callose, and a callose-rich subintinal layer not necessarily thick, but with a remarkably high callose concentration. The different profiles of EE and LBS walls support the development as suspensorless and suspensor-bearing embryos, respectively. Conversely, less viable embryogenic structures (LC) presented the thickest walls and the lowest values for almost all of the studied cell wall components. These cell wall properties would be the less favorable for cell proliferation and embryo progression. High levels of highly methyl-esterified pectin are necessary for wall flexibility and growth of highly embryogenic structures. AGPs seem to play a role in cell wall stiffness, possibly due to their putative role as calcium capacitors, explaining the positive relationship between embryogenic potential and calcium levels.This work was supported by grant PID2020-115763RBI00 to JS-S from Spanish MICINN and by a Juan de la Cierva -Incorporacion Fellowship and a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (656579) to PC-M. RM holds a CDEIGENT (2018/023) fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana.Camacho-Fernández, C.; Seguí-Simarro, JM.; Mir Moreno, R.; Boutilier, K.; Corral-Martínez, P. (2021). Cell Wall Composition and Structure Define the Developmental Fate of Embryogenic Microspores in Brassica napus. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.7371391161

Atlas de Barrios Vulnerables de España: 12 Ciudades 1991/2001/ 2006

El Altas de Barrios Vulnerables de España se basa en los trabajos recogidos en los catálogos “Análisis urbanístico de Barrios Vulnerables” de 1991 y 2001, y su Adenda 2006, realizados gracias al convenio de colaboración entre la Sección de Urbanismo del Instituto Juan de Herrera de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) y el Ministerio de Fomento. En este documento no se recogen los catálogos de los barrios estudiados, que pueden ser consultados on-line, ya que el objetivo es presentar un panorama general sobre la dimensión y evolución de la vulnerabilidad de las ciudades españolas de más de 50.000 habitantes. El marco general se completa con los informes individuales de las 12 ciudades de más de 300.000 habitantes. Los informes individuales contienen el análisis estadístico de la evolución de la vulnerabilidad de cada una de las ciudades con un especial cuidado en su representación cartográfica, que permite al lector un análisis territorial de la vulnerabilidad urbana y la comparación tanto temporal como por tipo de vulnerabilidad. Además, para facilitar la comprensión de los datos analizados, este Atlas se acompaña de un conjunto de anexos en los que se describe la metodología empleada en el trabajo del que se extraen dicho datos, y un glosario de términos básicos para su comprensión

Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated to their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer

[EN] Microspore embryogenesis is an experimental morphogenic pathway with important applications in basic research and applied plant breeding, but its genetic, cellular, and molecular bases are poorly understood. We applied a multi-disciplinary approach using confocal and electron microscopy, detection of Ca2+, callose, and cellulose, treatments with caffeine, digitonin, and endosidin7, morphometry, qPCR, osmometry, and viability assays in order to study the dynamics of cell wall formation during embryogenesis induction in a high-response rapeseed (Brassica napus) line and two recalcitrant rapeseed and eggplant (Solanum melongena) lines. Formation of a callose-rich subintinal layer (SL) was common to microspore embryogenesis in the different genotypes. However, this process was directly related to embryogenic response, being greater in high-response genotypes. A link could be established between Ca2+ influx, abnormal callose/cellulose deposition, and the genotype-specific embryogenic competence. Callose deposition in inner walls and SLs are independent processes, regulated by different callose synthases. Viability and control of internal osmolality are also related to SL formation. In summary, we identified one of the causes of recalcitrance to embryogenesis induction: a reduced or absent protective SL. In responding genotypes, SLs are markers for changes in cell fate and serve as osmoprotective barriers to increase viability in imbalanced in vitro environments. Genotype-specific differences relate to different responses against abiotic (heat/osmotic) stresses.Thanks are due to the Electron Microscopy Service of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Marisol Gascon (IBMCP Microscopy Service), Dr Kim Boutilier (WUR, Wageningen) for hosting ARS at her lab, and Dr Samantha Vernhettes (INRA Versailles) for kindly providing us with S4B. This work supported by grants AGL2014-55177-R and AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS from MINECO jointly funded by FEDER.Rivas-Sendra, A.; Corral Martínez, P.; Porcel, R.; Camacho-Fernández, C.; Calabuig-Serna, A.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2019). Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated to their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer. Journal of Experimental Botany. 70(4):1267-1281. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery458S12671281704Abramova, L. I. (2003). Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 50(3), 324-329. doi:10.1023/a:1023866019102Adkar-Purushothama, C. R., Brosseau, C., Giguère, T., Sano, T., Moffett, P., & Perreault, J.-P. (2015). Small RNA Derived from the Virulence Modulating Region of the Potato spindle tuber viroid Silences callose synthase Genes of Tomato Plants. The Plant Cell, 27(8), 2178-2194. doi:10.1105/tpc.15.00523Cordewener, J., Bergervoet, J., & Liu, C.-M. (2000). 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INCIDENCIA FINANCIERA DE LA GESTIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA DE LA UNIDAD DE GESTIÓN PENSIONAL Y PARAFISCALES EN COLOMBIA

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la Incidencia financiera de la Gestión Administrativa de Unidad de Gestión Pensional y Parafiscales - UGPP en el periodo 2015-2018. Con una metodología de tipo descriptiva de diseño documental; donde el análisis de los estados financieros, boletines y disposiciones normativas permitieron determinar la buena gestión de recaudo y la aplicación de políticas de control en este período, y como la UGPP promueve la protección de enajenación de recursos producidos por los aportes de los trabajadores a la seguridad social y parafiscal y contribuye a la disminución de las tasas de evasión y mitigar los huecos fiscales a causa de estas obligaciones

2D copper-imidazolate framework without thermal treatment as an efficient ORR electrocatalyst for Zn–air batteries

To face unmet energy demands, the search for more stable, low-cost, and scalable electrocatalyst materials is imperative. Within this context, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have drawn considerable attention due to their maximum atom utilization. With this idea in mind, we have synthesized a new ultrathin and water-stable 2D Cu-based metal-organic framework (2DCIFs), which presents a notable electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media without the need of calcination, which makes the difference when compared to most MOF-based electrocatalysts. The designed MOF-based SAC consists of single-atom sites (isolated and accessible Cu) coordinated to imidazole carboxylic ligands, giving rise to Cu-N4O actives sites confined into a 2D-nanostructured network. This unique structure, along with the ultrathin nature of nanosheets that favors mass transport and electrical conductivity, and the high chemical stability of these 2DCIFs are the key features of the excellent ORR performance, which occurs by a direct four-electron transfer pathway, an onset potential of 0.86 V vs RHE and a maximum current density of 6.4 mA·cm-2. These good catalytic properties of 2DCIFs have allowed their use as efficient air electrodes in alkaline flooded and all-solid-state Zn-air batteries. In the former case, 2DCIFsbased air electrodes presented a specific power density of 91.2 kW·cm-2·kg-1 and a specific capacity of 296.2 A·h·g-1, significantly exceeding the specific capacity values reported previously for other Cu-based catalysts. Besides, the specific capacity increased to 389.1 A·h·g-1 when 2DCIFs were tested in an all-solid-state Zn-air battery