¿Se pueden prevenir las pandemias? Epidemiología basada en aguas residuales

In this opinion article, the potential of the study of wastewater as an epidemiological predictor of future public health emergencies is analyzed. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 preliminary to the manifestation of clinical outbreaks in urban wastewater; and, the correlation between certain biological markers with intrinsic characteristics of the population allows us to elucidate that their analysis could be used as an early warning of the appearance of future public health emergencies. According to various predictions, humanity will face several health crises in this century derived from climate change and anthropogenic pollution. The application of omics tools in the analysis of wastewater allows to detect modifications in the patterns of pathogenic microorganisms, therefore, it is necessary to optimize methodologies that allow the application of these technologies as epidemiological tools at a global levelEn el presente artículo de opinión, se analiza el potencial del estudio de aguas residuales como predictor epidemiológico de futuras emergencias de salud pública. La detección de SARS-CoV-2 de forma preliminar a la manifestación de brotes clínicos en aguas residuales urbanas; y, la correlación entre determinados marcadores biológicos con características intrínsecas de la población nos permite elucidar que su análisis podría ser utilizado como alerta temprana del aparecimiento de futuras emergencias de salud pública. De acuerdo con diversas predicciones, la humanidad enfrentará varias crisis sanitarias en este siglo derivadas del cambio climático y la contaminación antropogénica. La aplicación de herramientas ómicas en el análisis de aguas residuales permite detectar modificaciones en los patrones de microorganismos patógenos, por ende, es necesaria la optimización de metodologías que permitan aplicar estas tecnologías como herramientas epidemiológicas a nivel global

Estudio de la variación al incorporar la fibra PET reciclada en suelos cohesivos no friccionantes relacionados a la estabilidad de talud

Esta investigación es otra opción para mejorar la resistencia, ángulo de fricción interna del suelo de arcilla altamente plástico (CH), con aplicar el concepto de suelo reforzado con fibra para aumentar el factor seguridad según el análisis de estabilidad del terraplén de la carretera este tipo de piso eran teóricos. El refuerzo del suelo se realizó con inclusión aleatoria de fibras de polímero de tereftalato de polietileno reciclado (PET), distribuido uniformemente en el suelo. La composición geotécnica del suelo en esta natural después de tomar muestras de 100 kg de suelo extraído de con las ciudades necesarias para inalterar las muestras en la ciudad de Lima – San Martin De Porres. Prueba de compresión del tipo de Proctor estándar para obtener los parámetros de densidad seca máxima y el contenido de humedad de agua óptimo para llevar acabo el programa de prueba dentro de este los arreglos. el porcentaje es la variable tomada en cuenta para pisos reforzados con fibra. Agregamos fibras de PET recicladas de 20 mm de largo con 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% y 1.5% del peso del suelo seco, para un total de 18 muestras y evaluar el rendimiento físico-mecánico de las diversas combinaciones utilizando la prueba de corte directo con inclusiones de 3 especímenes por cada porcentaje. De los resultados de la prueba, se encontró que los porcentajes de las fibras de PET han mejorado la resistencia del suelo alcanzando hasta un 88.00%. Del mismo modo, la cohesion y el ángulo de fricción interna se incrementaron en 114.29% y 72.48%, respectivamente respectivamente. Finalmente, gracias al análisis matemático que utiliza el método Bishop, comprueba si aumenta cada porcentaje de incorporación de fibras de PET con relación al factor de seguridad del suelo arcilloso natural con intervalos mejorados de 46.29% a 95.58%, se determinó que el porcentaje óptimo de incorporación de fibras es 0.6%. Finalmente, se verificó si las fibras de PET recicladas tienen el potencial de mejorar la estabilidad de los taludes del suelo formando terraplenes de carreteras la fibra PET es, por lo tanto, una alternativa ecológica para reusarla en gran medida

La cobertura televisiva de la cumbre de Cancún: agenda temática, discursos y fuentes en los informativos españoles

Este artículo desea plasmar en datos los resultados obtenidos sobre la representación mediática que ha alcanzado la información sobre la Cumbre del Clima en Cancún (México) celebrada entre los días 29 de noviembre y 10 de diciembre de 2010 dentro de la escaleta programada por los informativos de las principales cadenas públicas y privadas de las televisiones españolas

Television coverage of the Cancún summit: thematic agenda, speeches and sources in the spanish news

Este artículo desea plasmar en datos los resultados obtenidos sobre la representación mediática que ha alcanzado la información sobre la Cumbre del Clima en Cancún (México) celebrada entre los días 29 de noviembre y 10 de diciembre de 2010 dentro de la escaleta programada por los informativos de las principales cadenas públicas y privadas de las televisiones españolas.This article wants to show the results on media representation related to the information provided about the Climate Convention in Cancun (Mexico) held between November 29 and December 10, 2010 by the main public and private channels news at Spanish television. A qualitative and quantitative analysis has been performed through 169 news pieces records that represent the projection of the selected news media.Depto. de Periodismo y Nuevos MediosFac. de Ciencias de la InformaciónTRUEMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)pu

Genomic insights of mcr-1 harboring Escherichia coli by geographical region and a One-Health perspective

The importance of the One Health concept in attempting to deal with the increasing levels of multidrug-resistant bacteria in both human and animal health is a challenge for the scientific community, policymakers, and the industry. The discovery of the plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance (mcr) in 2015 poses a significant threat because of the ability of these plasmids to move between different bacterial species through horizontal gene transfer. In light of these findings, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries implement surveillance strategies to detect the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant microorganisms and take suitable measures to control and prevent their dissemination. Seven years later, ten different variants of the mcr gene (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been detected worldwide in bacteria isolated from humans, animals, foods, the environment, and farms. However, the possible transmission mechanisms of the mcr gene among isolates from different geographical origins and sources are largely unknown. This article presents an analysis of whole-genome sequences of Escherichia coli that harbor mcr-1 gene from different origins (human, animal, food, or environment) and geographical location, to identify specific patterns related to virulence genes, plasmid content and antibiotic resistance genes, as well as their phylogeny and their distribution with their origin. In general, E. coli isolates that harbor mcr-1 showed a wide plethora of ARGs. Regarding the plasmid content, the highest concentration of plasmids was found in animal samples. In turn, Asia was the continent that led with the largest diversity and occurrence of these plasmids. Finally, about virulence genes, terC, gad, and traT represent the most frequent virulence genes detected. These findings highlight the relevance of analyzing the environmental settings as an integrative part of the surveillance programs to understand the origins and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance

Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Recovered from a Spanish River Ecosystem

The increasing resistance to carbapenems is an alarming threat in the fight against multiresistant bacteria. The dissemination properties of antimicrobial resistance genes are supported by their detection in a diverse population of bacteria, including strains isolated from the environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) collected from a river ecosystem in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain). Identification of β-lactamases and other resistance determinants was determined as was the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Moreover, screening of virulence factors, plasmid addiction systems, plasmid partition systems and replicon typing was performed. The results identified 8 isolates belonging to different species (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Raoultella ornithinolytica). The most prevalent enzyme was KPC-2 (n = 6), followed by VIM-1 (n = 2) and IMI-2 (n = 1), whereas no OXA-48-type was detected. In addition, one strain was positive for both KPC-2 and VIM-1 enzymes. All the carbapenemase-encoding plasmids carried at least one plasmid addiction or partition system, being vagCD and parAB the most frequently detected, respectively. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates carried a low number of virulence-associated factors and none of the detected clones has previously been identified in the clinical setting. These findings support the high dissemination potential of the carbapanemase-encoding genes and reinforce the idea that the environment is another reservoir that may play an important role in the capture, selection and dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes

Report of the Working Group on Acoustic and Egg Surveys for Sardine and Anchovy in ICES Areas 7, 8, and 9

The increasing resistance to carbapenems is an alarming threat in the fight against multiresistant bacteria. The dissemination properties of antimicrobial resistance genes are supported by their detection in a diverse population of bacteria, including strains isolated from the environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) collected from a river ecosystem in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain). Identification of β-lactamases and other resistance determinants was determined as was the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Moreover, screening of virulence factors, plasmid addiction systems, plasmid partition systems and replicon typing was performed. The results identified 8 isolates belonging to different species (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Raoultella ornithinolytica). The most prevalent enzyme was KPC-2 (n = 6), followed by VIM-1 (n = 2) and IMI-2 (n = 1), whereas no OXA-48-type was detected. In addition, one strain was positive for both KPC-2 and VIM-1 enzymes. All the carbapenemase-encoding plasmids carried at least one plasmid addiction or partition system, being vagCD and parAB the most frequently detected, respectively. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates carried a low number of virulence-associated factors and none of the detected clones has previously been identified in the clinical setting. These findings support the high dissemination potential of the carbapanemase-encoding genes and reinforce the idea that the environment is another reservoir that may play an important role in the capture, selection and dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes

Antibiotic resistance genes in phage particles isolated from human feces and induced from clinical bacterial isolates

Phage particles have emerged as elements with the potential to mobilize antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different environments, including the intestinal habitat. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of ARGs in phage particles present in fecal matter and induced from strains isolated from feces. Nine ARGs (blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1-group, blaCTX-M-9-group, blaOXA-48, qnrA, qnrS, mecA, sul1 and armA) were quantified by qPCR in the phage DNA fractions of 150 fecal samples obtained from healthy individuals. These subjects had not received antibiotic treatment or travelled abroad in the three months prior to the sample collection. On the suspicion that the detected particles originated from bacterial flora, 82 Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing at least one identified ARG (blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1-group, blaCTX-M-9-group, armA, qnrA, qnrS, and sul1) were isolated and their capacity to produce phage particles carrying these ARGs after induction was evaluated. Seventy-two percent of samples were positive for at least one ARG, with blaTEM and blaCTX-M-9-group being the most prevalent and abundant. Fifty-one isolates (62%) showed an increase in the number of copies of the respective ARG in the phage fraction after induction, with blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1-group, blaCTX-M-9-group and sul1 being the most abundant. Phages induced from the isolates were further purified and visualized using microscopy and their DNA showed ARG levels of up to 10(10) gene copies/ml. This study highlights the abundance of phage particles harboring ARGs and indicates that bacterial strains in the intestinal habitat could be sources of these particles

Population genomics and antimicrobial resistance dynamics of Escherichia coli in wastewater and river environments

Aquatic environments are key niches for the emergence, evolution and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. However, the population diversity and the genetic elements that drive the dynamics of resistant bacteria in different aquatic environments are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to understand the population genomics and evolutionary events of Escherichia coli resistant to clinically important antibiotics including aminoglycosides, in anthropogenic and natural water ecosystems. Here we show that less different E. coli sequence types (STs) are identified in wastewater than in rivers, albeit more resistant to antibiotics, and with significantly more plasmids/cell (6.36 vs 3.72). However, the genomic diversity within E. coli STs in both aquatic environments is similar. Wastewater environments favor the selection of conserved chromosomal structures associated with diverse flexible plasmids, unraveling promiscuous interplasmidic resistance genes flux. On the contrary, the key driver for river E. coli adaptation is a mutable chromosome along with few plasmid types shared between diverse STs harboring a limited resistance gene content