Caracterización semántica de espacios: Sistema de Videovigilancia Inteligente en Smart Cities

Esta Tesis Doctoral, realizada dentro del proyecto europeo HuSIMS - Human Situation Monitoring System, presenta una metodología inteligente para la caracterización de escenarios capaz de detectar e identificar situaciones anómalas analizando el movimiento de los objetos. El sistema está diseñado para reducir al mínimo el procesamiento y la transmisión de vídeo permitiendo el despliegue de un gran número de cámaras y sensores, y por lo tanto adecuada para Smart Cities. Se propone un enfoque en tres etapas. Primero, la detección de objetos en movimiento en las propias cámaras, utilizando algorítmica sencilla, evitando el envío de datos de vídeo. Segundo, la construcción de un modelo de las zonas de las escenas utilizando los parámetros de movimiento identificados previamente. Y tercero, la realización de razonado semántico sobre el modelo de rutas y los parámetros de los objetos de la escena actual para identificar las alarmas reconociendo la naturaleza de los eventosDepartamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería Telemátic

A semantic autonomous video surveillance system for dense camera networks in smart cities

Producción CientíficaThis paper presents a proposal of an intelligent video surveillance system able to detect and identify abnormal and alarming situations by analyzing object movement. The system is designed to minimize video processing and transmission, thus allowing a large number of cameras to be deployed on the system, and therefore making it suitable for its usage as an integrated safety and security solution in Smart Cities. Alarm detection is performed on the basis of parameters of the moving objects and their trajectories, and is performed using semantic reasoning and ontologies. This means that the system employs a high-level conceptual language easy to understand for human operators, capable of raising enriched alarms with descriptions of what is happening on the image, and to automate reactions to them such as alerting the appropriate emergency services using the Smart City safety network

An intelligent surveillance platform for large metropolitan areas with dense sensor deployment

Producción CientíficaThis paper presents an intelligent surveillance platform based on the usage of large numbers of inexpensive sensors designed and developed inside the European Eureka Celtic project HuSIMS. With the aim of maximizing the number of deployable units while keeping monetary and resource/bandwidth costs at a minimum, the surveillance platform is based on the usage of inexpensive visual sensors which apply efficient motion detection and tracking algorithms to transform the video signal in a set of motion parameters. In order to automate the analysis of the myriad of data streams generated by the visual sensors, the platform’s control center includes an alarm detection engine which comprises three components applying three different Artificial Intelligence strategies in parallel. These strategies are generic, domain-independent approaches which are able to operate in several domains (traffic surveillance, vandalism prevention, perimeter security, etc.). The architecture is completed with a versatile communication network which facilitates data collection from the visual sensors and alarm and video stream distribution towards the emergency teams. The resulting surveillance system is extremely suitable for its deployment in metropolitan areas, smart cities, and large facilities, mainly because cheap visual sensors and autonomous alarm detection facilitate dense sensor network deployments for wide and detailed coveraMinisterio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio and the Fondo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Israeli Chief Scientist Research Grant 43660 inside the European Eureka Celtic project HuSIMS (TSI-020400-2010-102)

Network convergence and QoS for future multimedia services in the VISION project

The emerging use of real-time 3D-based multimedia applications imposes strict quality of service (QoS) requirements on both access and core networks. These requirements and their impact to provide end-to-end 3D videoconferencing services have been studied within the Spanish-funded VISION project, where different scenarios were implemented showing an agile stereoscopic video call that might be offered to the general public in the near future. In view of the requirements, we designed an integrated access and core converged network architecture which provides the requested QoS to end-to-end IP sessions. Novel functional blocks are proposed to control core optical networks, the functionality of the standard ones is redefined, and the signaling improved to better meet the requirements of future multimedia services. An experimental test-bed to assess the feasibility of the solution was also deployed. In such test-bed, set-up and release of end-to-end sessions meeting specific QoS requirements are shown and the impact of QoS degradation in terms of the user perceived quality degradation is quantified. In addition, scalability results show that the proposed signaling architecture is able to cope with large number of requests introducing almost negligible delay

Improved Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on Two-Stage Predictions with Artificial Neural Networks in a Microgrid Environment

Short-Term Load Forecasting plays a significant role in energy generation planning, and is specially gaining momentum in the emerging Smart Grids environment, which usually presents highly disaggregated scenarios where detailed real-time information is available thanks to Communications and Information Technologies, as it happens for example in the case of microgrids. This paper presents a two stage prediction model based on an Artificial Neural Network in order to allow Short-Term Load Forecasting of the following day in microgrid environment, which first estimates peak and valley values of the demand curve of the day to be forecasted. Those, together with other variables, will make the second stage, forecast of the entire demand curve, more precise than a direct, single-stage forecast. The whole architecture of the model will be presented and the results compared with recent work on the same set of data, and on the same location, obtaining a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of 1.62% against the original 2.47% of the single stage model.Hernández, L.; Baladrón Zorita, C.; Aguiar Pérez, JM.; Calavia Domínguez, L.; Carro Martínez, B.; Sanchez-Esguevillas, A.; Sanjuan, J.... (2013). Improved Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on Two-Stage Predictions with Artificial Neural Networks in a Microgrid Environment. Energies. 6(9):4489-4507. doi:10.3390/en6094489S4489450769Brooks, A., Lu, E., Reicher, D., Spirakis, C., & Weihl, B. (2010). Demand Dispatch. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 8(3), 20-29. doi:10.1109/mpe.2010.936349Chan, S. C., Tsui, K. M., Wu, H. C., Hou, Y., Wu, Y.-C., & Wu, F. (2012). Load/Price Forecasting and Managing Demand Response for Smart Grids: Methodologies and Challenges. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 29(5), 68-85. doi:10.1109/msp.2012.2186531Mohan Saini, L., & Kumar Soni, M. (2002). Artificial neural network-based peak load forecasting using conjugate gradient methods. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 17(3), 907-912. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2002.800992Hyndman, R. J., & Fan, S. (2010). Density Forecasting for Long-Term Peak Electricity Demand. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 25(2), 1142-1153. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036017McSharry, P. E., Bouwman, S., & Bloemhof, G. (2005). Probabilistic Forecasts of the Magnitude and Timing of Peak Electricity Demand. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 20(2), 1166-1172. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2005.846071Amin-Naseri, M. R., & Soroush, A. R. (2008). Combined use of unsupervised and supervised learning for daily peak load forecasting. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(6), 1302-1308. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.016Maksimovich, S. M., & Shiljkut, V. M. (2009). The Peak Load Forecasting Afterwards Its Intensive Reduction. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24(3), 1552-1559. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2009.2014267Moazzami, M., Khodabakhshian, A., & Hooshmand, R. (2013). A new hybrid day-ahead peak load forecasting method for Iran’s National Grid. Applied Energy, 101, 489-501. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.009Hernández, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J., Carro, B., & Sánchez-Esguevillas, A. (2012). Classification and Clustering of Electricity Demand Patterns in Industrial Parks. Energies, 5(12), 5215-5228. doi:10.3390/en5125215Hernandez, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., & Lloret, J. (2013). Short-Term Load Forecasting for Microgrids Based on Artificial Neural Networks. Energies, 6(3), 1385-1408. doi:10.3390/en6031385Razavi, S., & Tolson, B. A. (2011). A New Formulation for Feedforward Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 22(10), 1588-1598. doi:10.1109/tnn.2011.2163169Hernández, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J., Calavia, L., Carro, B., Sánchez-Esguevillas, A., … Lloret, J. (2013). Experimental Analysis of the Input Variables’ Relevance to Forecast Next Day’s Aggregated Electric Demand Using Neural Networks. Energies, 6(6), 2927-2948. doi:10.3390/en6062927Hernandez, L., Baladron, C., Aguiar, J. M., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., Lloret, J., … Cook, D. (2013). A multi-agent system architecture for smart grid management and forecasting of energy demand in virtual power plants. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(1), 106-113. doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.640044

Experimental Analysis of the Input Variables' Relevance to Forecast Next Day's Aggregated Electric Demand Using Neural Networks

Thanks to the built in intelligence (deployment of new intelligent devices and sensors in places where historically they were not present), the Smart Grid and Microgrid paradigms are able to take advantage from aggregated load forecasting, which opens the door for the implementation of new algorithms to seize this information for optimization and advanced planning. Therefore, accuracy in load forecasts will potentially have a big impact on key operation factors for the future Smart Grid/Microgrid-based energy network like user satisfaction and resource saving, and new methods to achieve an efficient prediction in future energy landscapes (very different from the centralized, big area networks studied so far). This paper proposes different improved models to forecast next day's aggregated load using artificial neural networks, taking into account the variables that are most relevant. In particular, seven models based on the multilayer perceptron will be proposed, progressively adding input variables after analyzing the influence of climate factors on aggregated load. The results section presents the forecast from the proposed models, obtained from real data.Hernández, L.; Baladrón Zorita, C.; Aguiar Pérez, JM.; Calavia Domínguez, L.; Carro Martínez, B.; Sanchez-Esguevillas, A.; Garcia Fernandez, P.... (2013). Experimental Analysis of the Input Variables' Relevance to Forecast Next Day's Aggregated Electric Demand Using Neural Networks. Energies. 6(6):2927-2948. doi:10.3390/en6062927S2927294866Zhang, Q., Lai, K. K., Niu, D., Wang, Q., & Zhang, X. (2012). A Fuzzy Group Forecasting Model Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) for Short-Term Wind Power. Energies, 5(9), 3329-3346. doi:10.3390/en5093329Hsu, C.-C., & Chen, C.-Y. (2003). Regional load forecasting in Taiwan––applications of artificial neural networks. Energy Conversion and Management, 44(12), 1941-1949. doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(02)00225-xCarpaneto, E., & Chicco, G. (2008). Probabilistic characterisation of the aggregated residential load patterns. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2(3), 373. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd:20070280Shu Fan, Methaprayoon, K., & Wei-Jen Lee. (2009). Multiregion Load Forecasting for System With Large Geographical Area. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 45(4), 1452-1459. doi:10.1109/tia.2009.2023569Pudjianto, D., Ramsay, C., & Strbac, G. (2007). Virtual power plant and system integration of distributed energy resources. IET Renewable Power Generation, 1(1), 10. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg:20060023Ruiz, N., Cobelo, I., & Oyarzabal, J. (2009). A Direct Load Control Model for Virtual Power Plant Management. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 24(2), 959-966. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2016607Hernandez, L., Baladron, C., Aguiar, J. M., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., Lloret, J., … Cook, D. (2013). A multi-agent system architecture for smart grid management and forecasting of energy demand in virtual power plants. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(1), 106-113. doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.6400446Mousavi, S. M., & Abyaneh, H. A. (2011). Effect of Load Models on Probabilistic Characterization of Aggregated Load Patterns. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(2), 811-819. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2062542Ipakchi, A., & Albuyeh, F. (2009). Grid of the future. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 7(2), 52-62. doi:10.1109/mpe.2008.931384Naphade, M., Banavar, G., Harrison, C., Paraszczak, J., & Morris, R. (2011). Smarter Cities and Their Innovation Challenges. Computer, 44(6), 32-39. doi:10.1109/mc.2011.187Hernández, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J. M., Calavia, L., Carro, B., Sánchez-Esguevillas, A., … Gómez, J. (2012). A Study of the Relationship between Weather Variables and Electric Power Demand inside a Smart Grid/Smart World Framework. Sensors, 12(9), 11571-11591. doi:10.3390/s120911571Hernandez, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., & Lloret, J. (2013). Short-Term Load Forecasting for Microgrids Based on Artificial Neural Networks. Energies, 6(3), 1385-1408. doi:10.3390/en6031385Perez, E., Beltran, H., Aparicio, N., & Rodriguez, P. (2013). Predictive Power Control for PV Plants With Energy Storage. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 4(2), 482-490. doi:10.1109/tste.2012.2210255Ogliari, E., Grimaccia, F., Leva, S., & Mussetta, M. (2013). Hybrid Predictive Models for Accurate Forecasting in PV Systems. Energies, 6(4), 1918-1929. doi:10.3390/en6041918Douglas, A. P., Breipohl, A. M., Lee, F. N., & Adapa, R. (1998). The impacts of temperature forecast uncertainty on Bayesian load forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 13(4), 1507-1513. doi:10.1109/59.736298Sadownik, R., & Barbosa, E. P. (1999). Short-term forecasting of industrial electricity consumption in Brazil. Journal of Forecasting, 18(3), 215-224. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-131x(199905)18:33.0.co;2-bHuang, S. R. (1997). Short-term load forecasting using threshold autoregressive models. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 144(5), 477. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19971144Infield, D. G., & Hill, D. C. (1998). Optimal smoothing for trend removal in short term electricity demand forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 13(3), 1115-1120. doi:10.1109/59.709108Sargunaraj, S., Sen Gupta, D. P., & Devi, S. (1997). Short-term load forecasting for demand side management. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 144(1), 68. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:19970599Hong-Tzer Yang, & Chao-Ming Huang. (1998). A new short-term load forecasting approach using self-organizing fuzzy ARMAX models. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 13(1), 217-225. doi:10.1109/59.651639Hong-Tzer Yang, Chao-Ming Huang, & Ching-Lien Huang. (1996). 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Artificial Neural Network for Short-Term Load Forecasting in Distribution Systems

The new paradigms and latest developments in the Electrical Grid are based on the introduction of distributed intelligence at several stages of its physical layer, giving birth to concepts such as Smart Grids, Virtual Power Plants, microgrids, Smart Buildings and Smart Environments. Distributed Generation (DG) is a philosophy in which energy is no longer produced exclusively in huge centralized plants, but also in smaller premises which take advantage of local conditions in order to minimize transmission losses and optimize production and consumption. This represents a new opportunity for renewable energy, because small elements such as solar panels and wind turbines are expected to be scattered along the grid, feeding local installations or selling energy to the grid depending on their local generation/consumption conditions. The introduction of these highly dynamic elements will lead to a substantial change in the curves of demanded energy. The aim of this paper is to apply Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF) in microgrid environments with curves and similar behaviours, using two different data sets: the first one packing electricity consumption information during four years and six months in a microgrid along with calendar data, while the second one will be just four months of the previous parameters along with the solar radiation from the site. For the first set of data different STLF models will be discussed, studying the effect of each variable, in order to identify the best one. That model will be employed with the second set of data, in order to make a comparison with a new model that takes into account the solar radiation, since the photovoltaic installations of the microgrid will cause the power demand to fluctuate depending on the solar radiation.Our gratitude to CEDER-CIEMAT for providing the data to the presented work. In the same way, we want to convey our gratitude to the project partners MIRED-CON (IPT-2012-0611-120000), funded by the INNPACTO agreement of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain. Finally, a special mention to the help of the students Fatih Selim Bayraktar and Guniz Betul Yasar of Gazi University (Turkey), and Cristina Gil Valverde of UNED (Spain).Hernandez, L.; Baladron, C.; Aguiar, JM.; Calavia, L.; Carro, B.; Sanchez-Esguevillas, A.; Perez, F.... (2014). Artificial Neural Network for Short-Term Load Forecasting in Distribution Systems. Energies. 7(3):1576-1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7031576S1576159873Spencer, H. H., & Hazen, H. L. (1925). Artificial Representation of Power Systems. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, XLIV, 72-79. doi:10.1109/t-aiee.1925.5061095Hamilton, R. F. (1944). The Summation or Load Curves. 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Global model for short-term load forecasting using artificial neural networks. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 149(2), 121. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20020224Hernández, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J., Carro, B., & Sánchez-Esguevillas, A. (2012). Classification and Clustering of Electricity Demand Patterns in Industrial Parks. Energies, 5(12), 5215-5228. doi:10.3390/en5125215Hernández, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J. M., Calavia, L., Carro, B., Sánchez-Esguevillas, A., … Gómez, J. (2012). A Study of the Relationship between Weather Variables and Electric Power Demand inside a Smart Grid/Smart World Framework. Sensors, 12(9), 11571-11591. doi:10.3390/s120911571Hagan, M. T., & Behr, S. M. (1987). The Time Series Approach to Short Term Load Forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2(3), 785-791. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335210Hernandez, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., & Lloret, J. (2013). 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M., Carro, B., Sanchez-Esguevillas, A., Lloret, J., … Cook, D. (2013). A multi-agent system architecture for smart grid management and forecasting of energy demand in virtual power plants. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(1), 106-113. doi:10.1109/mcom.2013.6400446Razavi, S., & Tolson, B. A. (2011). A New Formulation for Feedforward Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 22(10), 1588-1598. doi:10.1109/tnn.2011.2163169Bishop, C. M. (1994). Neural networks and their applications. Review of Scientific Instruments, 65(6), 1803-1832. doi:10.1063/1.114483

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries