Pueblo Mágico Valladolid

Troublesome: Mexico has an unmatched cultural wealth that includes beliefs, traditions and values. One of its main attractaions are its towns, within which the Secretary of Tourism has recognized since 2001, the most representative with a distinctive called: Magital towns. Objetive: this research study assesses the impact of the aforementioned program in the municipality of Valladolid, Yucatán, México and discusses its effects on the local economy. Materials and methods: the study contemplad the realization of survey by personal interview to autorities of the current administration of H. City Council of Valladolid and of the previous administration, businessmen, citizens and national and foreign tourists. Results and discussion: einding that a large part of the economic benefits generated by tourism is taken advantage of by tourism chains, which sell armed packages, affecting local companies. Conclusions: the challenge for the autorities, businessmen and citizens of the municipality today is to promete the distinctive by making synergy, that is, integrating its resources for the same purpose, promoting the recognition of the municipality as a magical town to the tourist markets of the country and the foreigner, which is expected to translate into an improvement of the local economy, which includes enterpreneurs and citizen, reinforcing one of the original purposes of the program, which is to raise the quality of life of citizens by obtaining better incomes from of tourism.Problemática: México posee una riqueza cultural inigualable que incluye creencias, tradiciones y valores. Uno de sus principales atractivos son sus pueblos. Desde el año 2001, la Secretaría de Turismo ha reconocido a los más representativos con el distintivo de Pueblos Mágicos. Objetivo: el presente estudio de investigación valora el impacto del Programa Pueblos Mágicos en el municipio de Valladolid, Yucatán, México y discute sus efectos en la economía local. Materiales y métodos: el estudio contempló la realización de una encuesta por entrevista personal a autoridades de la actual administración del H. Ayuntamiento de Valladolid y de la gestión anterior, así como a empresarios, ciudadanos y turistas nacionales y extranjeros. Resultados y discusión: se encontró que gran parte de los beneficios económicos que genera el turismo es aprovechada por cadenas turísticas, que venden paquetes armados, lo que afecta a las empresas de la localidad. Conclusiones: el desafío para las autoridades, empresarios y ciudadanos del municipio, hoy en día, es impulsar el distintivo haciendo sinergia, es decir, integrando sus recursos para un mismo fin: el impulso del reconocimiento del municipio como Pueblo Mágico en los mercados turísticos del país y del extranjero, lo cual se espera que se traduzca en un mejoramiento de la economía local que contempla a empresarios y ciudadanos, reforzando uno de los fines originales del programa, que es incrementar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos por medio de la obtención de mejores ingresos provenientes del turismo

COMPARACIÓN DE LA RESISTENCIA AL DESALOJO DE POSTES PREFABRICADOS EN DIENTES UNIRADICULARES: UN ESTUDIO IN VITRO

Objective: To compare two cementing techniques in uniradicular teeth with root weakened walls.Methods: An in vitro experimental study was done with sixty collected teeth which were divided into three groups at random (A, B and C). The conventional technique with resin cement was done in 20 teeth with narrow canals 20 other teeth with weakened root walls (groups A and B). The technique of root reinforcement and flowable resin cement was used in the remaining 20 teeth (group C) which had weakened root walls. The dislodging force in the three groups was tested using an universal testing machine. The Mann Whitney and one-way ANOVA tests were used with a p value < 0.05 as statistically significant.Results: It was not found a statistically significant difference when comparing the dislodging force in the three groups (p = 0.064) but, it was found a difference when comparing traction forces (p = 0.005). In addition, it was observed that there was less adhesion between dentin - restorative interface materials in the three groups. The behavior exhibited between said post - cement poles showed higher adhesion with the resin cement.Conclusion: Group C showed greater resistance to the tensile force perhaps because the resistance of the tooth structure was increased when the root canal was reinforced with composite resine. The conventional technique was effective in the case of restoring teeth with narrow root canals.Objetivo: comparar dos técnicas de cementación de postes en fibra de vidrio en dientes con paredes radiculares debilitadas.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental In vitro. Se recolectaron 60 piezas dentales y se dividieron en tres grupos de manera aleatoria (A, B y C), se empleó la técnica convencional con cemento resinoso en 20 dientes con conductos angostos y en 20 dientes con paredes radiculares debilitados (grupos A y B). La técnica de refuerzo radicular con resina fluida y cemento resinoso se usó en los 20 dientes restantes (grupo C) que presentaban paredes radiculares debilitadas. Se evaluó la fuerza de desalojo a la tracción en los tres grupos mediante una Máquina Universal de Ensayos para medir la fuerza de desalojo a la tracción. Se utilizó el test de Mann Whitney y el ANOVA de una vía con un valor de p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativo.Resultados: no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar la resistencia al desalojo en los tres grupos (p=0,064) pero si se observó al analizar las fuerzas de tracción (p=0,005). Además, se evidenció que existe menor adhesión entre la interfase dentina-material restaurador en los tres grupos y que el comportamiento presentado entre poste-cemento indicó que los postes presentaron mayor adhesión con el cemento resinoso.Conclusión: el grupo C presentó mayor resistencia a la fuerza de tracción posiblemente, debido a que la resistencia de la estructura dental se incrementó cuando el canal radicular fue reforzado con resina compuesta. La técnica convencional fue efectiva en el caso de rehabilitar dientes con conductos radiculares angostos.[Celis JE, Cáceres A, Cabrera JC, Díaz JG. Comparación de la resistencia al desalojo de postes prefabricados en dientes uniradiculares: un estudio In vitro. Ustasalud 2013; 12: 55 - 62

Assessment of Efficacy and Safety Using PPAR-γ Agonist-Loaded Nanocarriers for Inflammatory Eye Diseases

Drug-loaded nanocarriers (NCs) are new systems that can greatly improve the delivery and targeting of drugs to specific tissues and organs. In our work, a PPAR-γ agonist loaded into polymeric NCs was prepared, stabilized by spray-drying, and tested in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (animal models) to provide a safe formulation for optical anti-inflammatory treatments. The NCs were shown to be well tolerated, and no signs of irritancy or alterations of the eye properties were detected by the in vitro HET-CAM test and in vivo Draize test. Furthermore, no signs of cytotoxicity were found in the NC formulations on retinoblastoma cells (Y-79) analyzed using the alamarBlue assay, and the transmittance experiments evidenced good corneal transparency with the formulations tested. The ocular anti-inflammatory study confirmed the significant prevention efficacy using the NCs, and these systems did not affect the corneal tissue structure. Moreover, the animal corneal structure treated with the NCs was analyzed using X-ray diffraction using synchrotron light. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis did not show a significant difference in corneal collagen interfibrillar spacing after the treatment with freshly prepared NCs or NCs after the drying process compared to the corresponding negative control when inflammation was induced. Considering these results, the PPAR-γ agonist NCs could be a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of inflammatory ocular processes

Efecto de la vitamina E sobre antioxidantes endógenos en ratas Wistar diabéticas

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases in the world, the fourth or fifth cause of death in most high-income countries. The World Health Organization reported in 2014 a prevalence of 422 million diabetics worldwide. Objective: to assess the effect of vitamin E on endogenous nucleophilic antioxidants in a biomodel of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were used in four groups of 10 rats each: non-diabetic control, diabetic control, and two diabetic groups that received supplementation with doses of 25 and 50 mg / kg / day of vitamin E, respectively. Serum values of glucose, albumin, uric acid and total bilirubin were determined in all animals at 15-day intervals for one month. The U-tests of Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon with a significance level of 5% were used to compare the central values of the biochemical variables between the groups of rats. Results: with vitamin E supplementation in diabetic rats, no variation of serum albumin was found (median in g / L 36,70 and 36,40), while uric acid (median in mmol / L 76, 50 and 187.5) and BT (median in mmol / L 2.90 and 5.00) decreased significantly, regardless of the antioxidant dose. The reduction of uric acid was faster and at a lower dose than BT. Conclusions: supplementation with vitamin E in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus, reduces serum levels of nucleophilic antioxidants, which at high concentrations represent a risk of morbid processes associated with tissue damage.  Introducción: la Diabetes Mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles más frecuentes del mundo, la cuarta o quinta causa de muerte en la mayoría de los países de ingresos altos. La Organización Mundial de la Salud reportó en el 2014 una prevalencia de 422 millones de diabéticos en todo el mundo Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la vitamina E sobre antioxidantes nucleofílicos endógenos, en un biomodelo de diabetes mellitus inducida por estreptozotocina.Métodos: se utilizaron 40 ratas Wistar machos distribuidas en cuatro grupos de 10 ratas cada uno: control no diabético, control diabético, y dos grupos diabéticos que recibieron suplementación con dosis de 25 y 50 mg/kg/día de vitamina E, respectivamente. Se determinaron en todos los animales los valores séricos de glucosa, albúmina, ácido úrico y bilirrubina total en intervalos de 15 días durante un mes. Se utilizaron las pruebas U de Mann-Whitney y Wilcoxon con un nivel de significación del 5 %, para la comparación de los valores centrales de las variables bioquímicas entre los grupos de ratas.Resultados: con la suplementación de la vitamina E en las ratas diabéticas no se encontró variación de la albúmina sérica (medianas en g/L 36,70 y 36,40), mientras que el ácido úrico (medianas en mmol/L 76,50 y 187,5) y la BT (mediana en mmol/L 2,90 y 5,00) disminuyeron significativamente, independientemente de la dosis del antioxidante. La reducción del ácido úrico resultó más rápida y a menor dosis que la BT.Conclusiones: la suplementación con vitamina E en el modelo experimental de diabetes mellitus reduce los niveles séricos de antioxidantes nucleofílicos que en altas concentraciones representan riesgo de procesos mórbidos asociados a daño tisular. 

Effect of vitamin E on endogenous antioxidants in diabetic Wistar rats

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases in the world, the fourth or fifth cause of death in most high-income countries. The World Health Organization reported in 2014 a prevalence of 422 million diabetics worldwide. Objective: to assess the effect of vitamin E on endogenous nucleophilic antioxidants in a biomodel of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.   Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were used in four groups of 10 rats each: non-diabetic control, diabetic control, and two diabetic groups that received supplementation with doses of 25 and 50 mg / kg / day of vitamin E, respectively. Serum values of glucose, albumin, uric acid and total bilirubin were determined in all animals at 15-day intervals for one month. The U-tests of Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon with a significance level of 5% were used to compare the central values of the biochemical variables between the groups of rats.   Results: with vitamin E supplementation in diabetic rats, no variation of serum albumin was found (median in g / L 36,70 and 36,40), while uric acid (median in mmol / L 76, 50 and 187.5) and BT (median in mmol / L 2.90 and 5.00) decreased significantly, regardless of the antioxidant dose. The reduction of uric acid was faster and at a lower dose than BT. Conclusions: supplementation with vitamin E in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus, reduces serum levels of nucleophilic antioxidants, which at high concentrations represent a risk of morbid processes associated with tissue damage

Excretion and viability of SARS‑CoV‑2 in feces and its association with the clinical outcome of COVID‑19

The main objective was to evaluate the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particles excreted in stools. In addition, we aimed to identify clinical factors associated with the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces, and to determine if its presence is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome, defned as intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death. A prospective multicenter cohort study of COVID-19 adult patients, with confrmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR assay in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs admitted to four hospitals in Spain, from March 2020 to February 2021. Sixty-two adult COVID-19 patients had stool samples collected at admission and/or during the follow up, with a total of 79 stool samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool samples from 27 (43.5%) out of the 62 patients. Replicative virus, measured by the generation of cytopathic efect in cell culture and subsequent RT-PCR confrmation of a decrease in the Ct values, was not found in any of these stool samples. Fecal virus excretion was not associated with the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, or with diferences in the evolution of COVID-19 patients. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 replicative capacity is null or very limited in stool samples, and thus, the fecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as an alternative infection route is highly unlikely. In our study, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces at the beginning of the disease is not associated with any clinical factor nor with an unfavorable clinical outcome

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs is not an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome

The aim was to assess the ability of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load at frst patient’s hospital evaluation to predict unfavorable outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 321 adult patients with confrmed COVID-19 through RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Quantitative Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA cycle threshold values were used to calculate the viral load in log10 copies/mL. Disease severity at the end of follow up was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death (n= 85, 26.4%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load over the second quartile (≥7.35 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.003) and second tertile (≥ 8.27 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.01) were associated to unfavorable outcome in the unadjusted logistic regression analysis. However, in the fnal multivariable analysis, viral load was not independently associated with an unfavorable outcome. Five predictors were independently associated with increased odds of ICU admission and/or death: age≥ 70 years, SpO2, neutrophils > 7.5 × ­103 /µL, lactate dehydrogenase≥ 300 U/L, and C-reactive protein≥ 100 mg/L. In summary, nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is generally high in patients with COVID-19, regardless of illness severity, but it cannot be used as an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome

SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia is associated with severe chronic underlying diseases but not with nasopharyngeal viral load

Supported by Plan Nacional de I + D + i 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI, RD16/0016/0001, RD16/0016/0005, RD16/0016/0007, RD16/0016/0009, RD16/0016/0010, R D16/0016/0013) cofinanced by European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, Operative program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020. JSC and EC received grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyectos de Investigación sobre el SARSCoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19 ( COV20/00580 ; COV20/00370 ). J.S.C. is a researcher belonging to the program “Nicolás Monardes” (C-0059–2018), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Spain

Evaluation of two treatment strategies for the prevention of preterm birth in women identified as at risk by ultrasound (PESAPRO Trial): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Premature birth is considered one of the main problems in modern Obstetrics. It causes more than 50 % of neonatal mortality; it is responsible for a large proportion of infant morbidity and incurs very high economic costs. Cervical length, which can be accurately measured by ultrasound, has an inverse relationship with the risk of preterm birth. As a result, having an effective intervention for asymptomatic patients with short cervix could reduce the prematurity. Although recently published data demonstrates the effectiveness of vaginal progesterone and cervical pessary, these treatments have never been compared to one another. Methods/Design: The PESAPRO study is a noncommercial, multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial (RCT) in pregnant women with a short cervix as identified by transvaginal ultrasonography at 19 to 22 weeks of gestation. Patients are randomized (1:1) to either daily vaginal progesterone or cervical pessary until the 37th week of gestation or delivery; whichever comes first. During the trial, women visit every 4 weeks for routine questions and tests. The primary outcome is the proportion of spontaneous preterm deliveries before 34 weeks of gestation. A sample size of 254 pregnant women will be included at 29 participating hospitals in order to demonstrate noninferiority of placing a pessary versus vaginal progesterone. The first patient was randomized in August 2012, and recruitment of study subjects will continue until the end of December 2015. Discussion: This trial assesses the comparative efficacy and safety between two accepted treatments, cervical pessary versus vaginal progesterone, and it will provide evidence in order to establish clinical recommendationsThe study has been funded by two national grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health and ISCIII

Izaña Atmospheric Research Center. Activity Report 2015-2016

This report is a summary of the many activities at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center to the broader community. The combination of operational activities, research and development in state-of-the-art measurement techniques, calibration and validation and international cooperation encompass the vision of WMO to provide world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and related environmental issues