Grasa de sobrepaso en ovejas con diferente espesor de grasa dorsal, respuesta hormonal y principales variables reproductivas

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la grasa de sobrepaso en ovejas con bajo (1 a 2 mm) y alto (3 a 4 mm) espesor de grasa dorsal y sincronización de estro (inicio y duración), niveles séricos de hormona luteinizante (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterona (P4 e insulina (INS), porcentaje de gestación y prolificidad. Cincuenta y nueve ovejas, con dos niveles de grasa dorsal determinado mediante ultrasonografía, bajo y alto (GDb, GDa), sin y con la adición de 150 g de grasa de sobrepaso (0 y 150 g), respectivamente, se asignaron a los siguientes grupos: GDb+0 g (n = 16), GDb+150 g (n = 14), GDa+0 g (n = 14) y GDa+150 g (n = 15). Las ovejas se sincronizaron con esponjas de acetato de fluorogesterona (FGA, 20 mg) por 12 d y, dos días antes de su remoción se aplicó 15 mg de PGF2. El diseño fue completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 2X2, los resultados fueron analizados mediante el paquete estadístico SAS. No se encontraron diferencias (P>0,05) para las variables inicio y duración del estro, inicio y duración del pico pre-ovulatorio de LH y prolificidad, por efecto de la adición de la grasa; sin embargo, la amplitud del pico de LH y el porcentaje de gestación fueron diferentes entre tratamientos (P<0,05). La concentración de P4en suero fue mayor (P<0,05) en ovejas sin la adición de grasa (0 g). Las concentraciones de E2 e INS se incrementaron (P<0,05) en ovejas con GDa. Se concluye que la adición de grasa de sobrepaso no modificó la respuesta en las variables reproductivas, pero si disminuyó la concentración de P4. Por otro lado, las concentraciones de E2 e INS se incrementaron en ovejas con GDa, lo cual se atribuye a un mejor estado metabólico, nutricional y corporal del animal

A Permeable Cuticle Is Associated with the Release of Reactive Oxygen Species and Induction of Innate Immunity

Wounded leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana show transient immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould. Using a fluorescent probe, histological staining and a luminol assay, we now show that reactive oxygen species (ROS), including H2O2 and O2−, are produced within minutes after wounding. ROS are formed in the absence of the enzymes Atrboh D and F and can be prevented by diphenylene iodonium (DPI) or catalase. H2O2 was shown to protect plants upon exogenous application. ROS accumulation and resistance to B. cinerea were abolished when wounded leaves were incubated under dry conditions, an effect that was found to depend on abscisic acid (ABA). Accordingly, ABA biosynthesis mutants (aba2 and aba3) were still fully resistant under dry conditions even without wounding. Under dry conditions, wounded plants contained higher ABA levels and displayed enhanced expression of ABA-dependent and ABA-reporter genes. Mutants impaired in cutin synthesis such as bdg and lacs2.3 are already known to display a high level of resistance to B. cinerea and were found to produce ROS even when leaves were not wounded. An increased permeability of the cuticle and enhanced ROS production were detected in aba2 and aba3 mutants as described for bdg and lacs2.3. Moreover, leaf surfaces treated with cutinase produced ROS and became more protected to B. cinerea. Thus, increased permeability of the cuticle is strongly linked with ROS formation and resistance to B. cinerea. The amount of oxalic acid, an inhibitor of ROS secreted by B. cinerea could be reduced using plants over expressing a fungal oxalate decarboxylase of Trametes versicolor. Infection of such plants resulted in a faster ROS accumulation and resistance to B. cinerea than that observed in untransformed controls, demonstrating the importance of fungal suppression of ROS formation by oxalic acid. Thus, changes in the diffusive properties of the cuticle are linked with the induction ROS and attending innate defenses

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

1965. PrEP On the Go! Implementation Mobile PrEP, STI, and HIV Prevention Services in South Florida

Abstract Background Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce HIV incidence when implemented effectively for people who are at highest risk of HIV infection. However, access to and uptake of PrEP remains suboptimal among priority populations such as black and Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). We established mobile HIV prevention/PrEP services delivered with cancer screening services through the Sylvester Gamechanger vehicle. We describe demographics, utilization, and early retention in PrEP care delivered through this model. Methods We selected four local HIV high-incidence areas where PrEP services were lacking, to locate the clinic. The vehicle, staffed by a medical provider, HIV/PrEP counselor, and cancer educator, returned to each site regularly. In addition to self-referrals, Prevention305, a community-based organization, developed focused patient recruitment through social media. Services were provided at no cost. Normative demographics, risk behavior, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and early-maintenance-in-care data were collected. Descriptive statistics were compiled using SPSS. Results From October 2018 to April 2019 services were provided to 229 clients. Of these, 168 (73.7%) sought PrEP. Of PrEP clients, 125 (74.4%) identified as White/Hispanic, 6 (3.5%) as Black/Hispanic, 6 (3.5%) as White/non-Hispanic, 11 (6.5%) as Black/non-Hispanic, and 19 (11.3%) as other; 124 (73.8%) were foreign-born; 159 (94.9%) of PrEP clients identified as MSM. Six (3.5%) PrEP-seeking clients were HIV positive at baseline. Of these, 2 were identified as acute/early infections. An initial PrEP prescription was filled by 166 (98.8%). Of the 77 clients seen within the initial 3 months of operation and due for follow-up assessment, 55 (71.4%) completed a follow-up visit. Overall, 45 (26.6%) PrEP clients had positive STI results (gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis) at baseline. Nine (16.3%) clients returned positive STI results at their follow-up visit. Conclusion Implementation of mobile HIV prevention services including PrEP is feasible and is effective in engaging Hispanic/Latino immigrant MSM. High demand for services is noted and plans are underway to increase capacity and outreach to other highly affected groups. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures

Reducción de dosis de acetato de fluorogestona mediante partición de esponjas para sincronización del estro en ovejas

Para determinar el efecto de la disminución de dosis administrada en esponjas intravaginales partidas, impregnadas de acetato de fluorogestona (FGA) sobre las principales variables reproductivas, concentraciones de hormona luteinizante (LH) y progesterona (P4) se asignaron al azar 44 ovejas a cuatro tratamientos: en grupos de 11 ovejas, I: testigo con esponja completa, 40 mg FGA; II: con media esponja, 20 mg; III: un cuarto de esponja 10 mg; IV: un octavo de esponja, 5 mg de FGA. Las esponjas permanecieron por 12 días, todos los grupos recibieron 10 d después una dosis de 15 mg de prostaglandinas F2a (PGF2a). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante el paquete estadístico SAS. No se encontraron diferencias (P>0,05) en la presentación e inicio del estro entre los grupos. El pico pre-ovulatorio de LH, sólo fue diferente en su amplitud (P0,05). El porcentaje de gestación fue menor (P<0,05) en el grupo de 5 mg (64%) respecto a los grupos de 40; 20 y 10 mg de FGA (100; 82 y 100%, respectivamente). Las dosis reducidas de 20 y 10 mg de FGA mediante la partición de las esponjas no modifican las variables reproductivas, las concentraciones séricas de P4 y LH. La dosis de 5 mg de FGA disminuyó la amplitud de LH y porcentaje de gestación, influyendo de forma negativa sobre la eficiencia reproductiva de las ovejas

Seminario de Investigación Académica II (Ing) - IN397 - 202100

Seminario de Investigación Académica II es un curso de especialidad en la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial, el objetivo es desarrollar el proyecto de tesis enfocado en resolver problemas del contexto de la realidad del sector. El curso se desarrolla en cinco unidades de aprendizaje, con sesiones teóricas que van desde las etapas básicas del proceso de investigación científica, la propuesta inicial del tema de investigación, la identificación y diagnóstico del problema, la construcción del estado del arte que sustenta el informe final con el tema de tesis. El proceso es sistemático, continuo, enriquecedor en función a las variantes que se presentan durante el tiempo de búsqueda, selección y análisis de la información que sustenta el tema de tesis, en este proceso, es permanente el acompañamiento basado en recomendaciones, técnicas y estrategias por parte del equipo de docentes conformado por el asesor metodológico y el asesor temático. Propósito: El propósito de este curso es que el estudiante inicie el plan de tesis en el que se evidencia la aplicación práctica de su carrera, mediante la gestión de información académica, relevante para su tesis y, a partir de ella, plantear un problema de investigación susceptible a una posible solución. En el curso se contribuye al desarrollo de las competencias generales: comunicación oral, comunicación escrita y manejo de información todas a nivel 2. Por otro lado, también se busca el desarrollo de las competencias específicas de ABET (7): Capacidad de adquirir y aplicar nuevos conocimientos según sea necesario, utilizando estrategias de aprendizaje apropiadas, a nivel 2. Tiene como requisito el nivel 5 de inglés y haber alcanzado los 120 créditos

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field