Desobediencia gubernamental de sentencias tutelares de derechos fundamentales

Estudio demostrativo de la vocación autoritaria del actual gobierno de Bolivia vía contrastación de las obligaciones internacionales en materia de derecho internacional de los derechos humanos asumidos por el Estado boliviano a partir de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (Pacto de San José), con el estudio de la casuística descriptiva y analítica de dos casos paradigmáticos, denominados como caso 'Importadores de vehículos' y caso 'Porvenir', así como también la cita específica de otros casos análogos.This is a demonstrative investigation. Its main purpose is to demonstrate the authoritarian vocation of the current administration. To do so, the article analyses the international human rights obligations assumed by the Bolivian State through the American Convention of Human Rights (San José Agreement) and applies them to two paradigmatic cases, named as 'Vehicles'' importers' and 'Porvenir'. Similar cases are also quoted

Carbon materials as template for the preparation of mixed oxides with controlled morphology

Resumen del libro de actas del Congreso: 5th Czech-Italian-Spanish Conference on Molecular Sieves and Catalysis, celebrado en Segovia del 16 al 19 de junio de 2013Bulk mixed oxide catalysts are widely used for many applications, such as catalysts for selective oxidation processes, electrocatalysts for fuel cells, gas sensors, and solid oxide electrolysers for the production of hydrogen. VPO (vanadium and phosphorous oxides) are one of the bulk mixed oxide materials which are of interest nowadays since they are active catalysts for saturated hydrocarbon activation. With the conventional synthesis procedures for preparing bulk mixed oxides is really difficult to control the morphology and the porous structure of these materials. In practice, there are just a few works about the synthesis of mixed oxide materials with controlled morphology. The aim of this work was to describe new approaches for the preparation of VPO mixed oxides materials with spherical morphology. A carbon material was prepared using cellulose as starting material by hydrothermal treatment with phosphoric acid at 200ºC and carbonized at 500ºC. SEM analysis showed that carbon spheres with diameter up to 0.5 m were prepared by this procedure. These phosphorous containing carbon material was impregnated with the appropriate amount of vanadium oxide species in order to obtain a monolayer of VOx species on the surface of the carbon materials following a procedure described previously (1). By this manner, a carbon supported VOx material with spherical morphology was obtained (VPO/Csph). The calcination of this material was optimized in order to obtain VPO spheres with diameter up to 1-2 m and with BET area values close to 100 m2/g. Figure 1 shows a SEM image of this sample (VPOsph). The presence of vanadium pyrophosphate phase, which has been described as the active phase of this catalytic system, was identified by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Thus, the chemical composition as well as the morphology and porous structure of these new spherical materials makes them quite promising as catalysts

Broadband transverse susceptibility in multiferroic Y-type hexaferrite Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe12O22

Producción CientíficaNoncollinear spin systems with magnetically induced ferroelectricity from changes in spiral magnetic ordering have attracted significant interest in recent research due to their remarkable magnetoelectric effects with promising applications. Single phase multiferroics are of great interest for these new multifunctional devices, being Y-type hexaferrites good candidates, and among them the ZnY compounds due to their ordered magnetic behaviour over room temperature. Polycrystalline Y type hexaferrites with composition Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe2O22 (BSZFO) were sintered in 1050 °C–1250 °C temperature range. Transverse susceptibility measurements carried out on these BSZFO samples in the temperature range 80–350 K with DC fields up to ± 5000 Oe reveal different behaviour depending on the sintering temperature. Sample sintered at 1250 °C is qualitatively different, suggesting a mixed Y and Z phase like CoY hexaferrites. Sintering at lower temperatures produce single phase Y-type, but the transverse susceptibility behaviour of the sample sintered at 1150 °C is shifted at temperatures 15 K higher. Regarding the DC field sweeps the observed behaviour is a peak that shifts to lower values with increasing temperature, and the samples corresponding to single Y phase exhibit several maxima and minima in the 250 K–330 K range at low DC applied field as a result of the magnetic field induced spin transitions in this compound.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Agencia Estatal de Investigación with FEDER (MAT2016-80784-P

The CreC regulator of Escherichia coli, a new target for metabolic manipulations

The CreBC (carbon source-responsive) two-component regulation system of Escherichia coli affects a number of functions, including intermediary carbon catabolism. The impacts of different creC mutations (a ΔcreC mutant and a mutant carrying the constitutive creC510 allele) on bacterial physiology were analyzed in glucose cultures under three oxygen availability conditions. Differences in the amounts of extracellular metabolites produced were observed in the null mutant compared to the wild-type strain and the mutant carrying creC510 and shown to be affected by oxygen availability. The ΔcreC strain secreted more formate, succinate, and acetate but less lactate under low aeration. These metabolic changes were associated with differences in AckA and LdhA activities, both of which were affected by CreC. Measurement of the NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios showed that the creC510 strain had a more reduced intracellular redox state, while the opposite was observed for the ΔcreC mutant, particularly under intermediate oxygen availability conditions, indicating that CreC affects redox balance. The null mutant formed more succinate than the wild-type strain under both low aeration and no aeration. Overexpression of the genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from E. coli and a NADH-forming formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii in the ΔcreC mutant further increased the yield of succinate on glucose. Interestingly, the elimination of ackA and adhE did not significantly improve the production of succinate. The diverse metabolic effects of this regulator on the central biochemical network of E. coli make it a good candidate for metabolic-engineering manipulations to enhance the formation of bioproducts, such as succinate.Fil: Godoy, Manuel Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Nikel, Pablo Ivan. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Cabrera Gomez, José Gregorio. Unviversidad de San Pablo; BrasilFil: Pettinari, María Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentin

La construcción del conocimiento en el proceso de aprender a ser profesor: la visión de los protagonistas.

El presente estudio analiza cómo los estudiantes del Grado de Maestro en Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Barcelona construyen, a lo largo de su formación inicial, los conocimientos que después les permitirán ejercer su profesión. El trabajo se articula metodológicamente como un estudio de casos múltiple y utiliza diversidad de estrategias de recogida de información (relatos, grupos de discusión y entrevistas) para dar cabida a los diversos protagonistas de la formación inicial de maestros (estudiantes, profesorado universitario y tutores de centros de prácticas). Después de un exhaustivo proceso de análisis de datos basado en comparaciones constantes con una codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, el estudio muestra la importancia de la variedad de perspectivas y experiencias aportada por un profesorado que, a su vez, se convierte en uno de los elementos nucleares de la formación: la manera como éste se aproxima, vive y transmite el conocimiento determinará el modo como el alumnado se motiva, se interesa, se aproxima y lo adquiere. Así mismo, el aprendizaje aparece desde una vertiente multidimensional y dinámica que va realimentando las entrelazadas esferas ideológica/filosófica, didáctica, científica y competencial

Valores y actitudes del ingeniero en las escuelas de ingeniería

The schools and faculties of engineering have to open the mind to the values in the engineering in the managerial spheres, in the departments, in the educational meetings, in the academic commissions, and in the work of the teaching staff. University has to believe in the importance and in the category of the values and attitudes (constancy, creativity, strenght, perseverance, ...). Teaching staff has to be sustained in values, has to protect, has to defend and has to transmit values, has to educate with values and in values to the new generations of professionals (sometimes, leaders). The unit UPC-Fecsa/Endesa-Endesa/Escuela de Energía “Victoriano Muñoz Oms” animates this spirit

Small Incentives May Have Large Effects: The Impact of Prices on the Demand for Plastic Bags

Improper disposition of single-use plastic bags causes significant environmental impacts. Awareness of these detrimental effects has increased, according to the number of policies to reduce the consumption of plastics bags implemented worldwide. Yet, impact evaluations of these initiatives are scarce. This is particularly true for evaluations of the impact of levies on plastic bags. In this paper, we quantify, for the first time, the impact of pricing disposable plastic bags on the quantity used over a one-year time window with respect to a pre-treatment period of no regulation. Specifically, we evaluate the effect of different prices on the number of single-use plastic bags used by customers of a national supermarket chain, before and after it implemented a staggered rollout across the country. Using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, we estimate a sizable drop in the demand of single-use plastic bags in the range of 70% to 85%, compared to the control group of branches that did not price plastic bags. These estimates do not change in magnitude and are statistically robust to (i) different specifications of our basic equation, (ii) the use of synthetic controls as an alternative identification strategy, (iii) the estimation of anticipation effects, and (iv) placebo tests. We do not find evidence consistent with the effect been driven by a loss of sales. Our estimates are consistent with the evidence of large elasticities around zero prices found in other settings

Small Incentives May Have Large Effects: The Impact of Prices on the Demand for Plastic Bags

Improper disposition of single-use plastic bags causes significant environmental impacts. Awareness of these detrimental effects has increased, according to the number of policies to reduce the consumption of plastics bags implemented worldwide. Yet, impact evaluations of these initiatives are scarce. This is particularly true for evaluations of the impact of levies on plastic bags. In this paper, we quantify, for the first time, the impact of pricing disposable plastic bags on the quantity used over a one-year time window with respect to a pre-treatment period of no regulation. Specifically, we evaluate the effect of different prices on the number of single-use plastic bags used by customers of a national supermarket chain, before and after it implemented a staggered rollout across the country. Using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, we estimate a sizable drop in the demand of single-use plastic bags in the range of 70% to 85%, compared to the control group of branches that did not price plastic bags. These estimates do not change in magnitude and are statistically robust to (i) different specifications of our basic equation, (ii) the use of synthetic controls as an alternative identification strategy, (iii) the estimation of anticipation effects, and (iv) placebo tests. We do not find evidence consistent with the effect been driven by a loss of sales. Our estimates are consistent with the evidence of large elasticities around zero prices found in other settings