Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover.

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Free-Living Turtles Are a Reservoir for Salmonella but Not for Campylobacter

Different studies have reported the prevalence of Salmonella in turtles and its role in reptile-associated salmonellosis in humans, but there is a lack of scientific literature related with the epidemiology of Campylobacter in turtles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in free-living native (Emys orbicularis, n=83) and exotic (Trachemys scripta elegans, n=117) turtles from 11 natural ponds in Eastern Spain. In addition, different types of samples (cloacal swabs, intestinal content and water from Turtle containers) were compared. Regardless of the turtle species, natural ponds where individuals were captured and the type of sample taken, Campylobacter was not detected. Salmonella was isolated in similar proportions in native (8.0±3.1%) and exotic (15.0±3.3%) turtles (p=0.189). The prevalence of Salmonella positive turtles was associated with the natural ponds where animals were captured. Captured turtles from 8 of the 11 natural ponds were positive, ranged between 3.0±3.1% and 60.0±11.0%. Serotyping revealed 8 different serovars among four Salmonella enterica subspecies: S. enterica subsp. enterica (n = 21), S. enterica subsp. salamae (n = 2), S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (n = 3), and S. enterica subsp. houtenae (n = 1). Two serovars were predominant: S. Thompson (n=16) and S. typhimurium (n=3). In addition, there was an effect of sample type on Salmonella detection. The highest isolation of Salmonella was obtained from intestinal content samples (12.0±3.0%), while lower percentages were found for water from the containers and cloacal swabs (8.0±2.5% and 3.0±1.5%, respectively). Our results imply that free-living turtles are a risk factor for Salmonella transmission, but do not seem to be a reservoir for Campylobacter. We therefore rule out turtles as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. Nevertheless, further studies should be undertaken in other countries to confirm these results.This work was supported by the Conselleria de Infraestructura, Territorio y Medio Ambiente for their assistance and financial support (Life09-Trachemys, Resolution 28/02/12 CITMA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Marín, C.; Ingresa-Capaccioni, S.; González Bodí, S.; Marco Jiménez, F.; Vega Garcia, S. (2013). Free-Living Turtles Are a Reservoir for Salmonella but Not for Campylobacter. PLoS ONE. 8(8):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072350S1688(2012). The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food‐borne Outbreaks in 2010. EFSA Journal, 10(3). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2597Kapperud, G. (2003). Factors Associated with Increased and Decreased Risk of Campylobacter Infection: A Prospective Case-Control Study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(3), 234-242. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg139Mermin, J., Hutwagner, L., Vugia, D., Shallow, S., Daily, P., … Bender, J. (2004). Reptiles, Amphibians, and HumanSalmonellaInfection: A Population‐Based, Case‐Control Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(s3), S253-S261. doi:10.1086/381594De Jong, B., Andersson, Y., & Ekdahl, K. (2005). Effect of Regulation and Education on Reptile-associated Salmonellosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 398-403. doi:10.3201/eid1103.040694NAKADAI, A., KUROKI, T., KATO, Y., SUZUKI, R., YAMAI, S., YAGINUMA, C., … HAYASHIDANI, H. (2005). Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Pet Reptiles in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 67(1), 97-101. doi:10.1292/jvms.67.97Lafuente, S., Bellido, J. B., Moraga, F. A., Herrera, S., Yagüe, A., Montalvo, T., … Caylà, J. A. (2013). Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella litchfield outbreaks associated with pet turtle exposure in Spain. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 31(1), 32-35. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2012.05.013Van PELT, W., de WIT, M. A. S., WANNET, W. J. B., LIGTVOET, E. J. J., WIDDOWSON, M. A., & van DUYNHOVEN, Y. T. H. P. (2003). Laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteric pathogens in The Netherlands, 1991–2001. Epidemiology and Infection, 130(3), 431-441. doi:10.1017/s0950268803008392Havelaar, A. H., Haagsma, J. A., Mangen, M.-J. J., Kemmeren, J. M., Verhoef, L. P. B., Vijgen, S. M. C., … van Pelt, W. (2012). Disease burden of foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2009. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156(3), 231-238. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.029DOORDUYN, Y., VAN PELT, W., SIEZEN, C. L. E., VAN DER HORST, F., VAN DUYNHOVEN, Y. T. H. P., HOEBEE, B., & JANSSEN, R. (2007). Novel insight in the association between salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis and chronic illness, and the role of host genetics in susceptibility to these diseases. Epidemiology and Infection, 136(9), 1225-1234. doi:10.1017/s095026880700996xHAAGSMA, J. A., SIERSEMA, P. D., DE WIT, N. J., & HAVELAAR, A. H. (2010). Disease burden of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in The Netherlands. Epidemiology and Infection, 138(11), 1650-1656. doi:10.1017/s0950268810000531Allos, B. M., & Blaser, M. J. (1995). Campylobacter jejuni and the Expanding Spectrum of Related Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 1092-1101. doi:10.1093/clinids/20.5.1092Friedman, C. R., Hoekstra, R. M., Samuel, M., Marcus, R., Bender, J., … Shiferaw, B. (2004). Risk Factors for SporadicCampylobacterInfection in the United States: A Case‐Control Study in FoodNet Sites. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(s3), S285-S296. doi:10.1086/381598STUDAHL, A., & ANDERSSON, Y. (2000). Risk factors for indigenous campylobacter infection: a Swedish case-control study. Epidemiology and Infection, 125(2), 269-275. doi:10.1017/s0950268899004562NEIMANN, J., ENGBERG, J., MØLBAK, K., & WEGENER, H. C. (2003). A case–control study of risk factors for sporadic campylobacter infections in Denmark. Epidemiology and Infection, 130(3), 353-366. doi:10.1017/s0950268803008355DOORDUYN, Y., VAN DEN BRANDHOF, W. E., VAN DUYNHOVEN, Y. T. H. P., BREUKINK, B. J., WAGENAAR, J. A., & VAN PELT, W. (2010). Risk factors for indigenous Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections in The Netherlands: a case-control study. Epidemiology and Infection, 138(10), 1391-1404. doi:10.1017/s095026881000052xSchroter, M., Roggentin, P., Hofmann, J., Speicher, A., Laufs, R., & Mack, D. (2004). Pet Snakes as a Reservoir for Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (Serogroup IIIb): a Prospective Study. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 613-615. doi:10.1128/aem.70.1.613-615.2004Van Meervenne, E., Botteldoorn, N., Lokietek, S., Vatlet, M., Cupa, A., Naranjo, M., … Bertrand, S. (2009). Turtle-associated Salmonella septicaemia and meningitis in a 2-month-old baby. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 58(10), 1379-1381. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.012146-0Williams, L. P. (1965). Pet Turtles as a Cause of Human Salmonellosis. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 192(5), 347. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03080180005001Feeley, J. C., & Treger, M. D. (1969). Penetration of Turtle Eggs by Salmonella braenderup. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 84(2), 156. doi:10.2307/4593527Mermin, J., Hoar, B., & Angulo, F. J. (1997). Iguanas and Salmonella Marina Infection in Children: A Reflection of the Increasing Incidence of Reptile-associated Salmonellosis in the United States. PEDIATRICS, 99(3), 399-402. doi:10.1542/peds.99.3.399Rodgers, G. L., Long, S. S., Smergel, E., & Dampier, C. (2002). Salmonella Infection Associated With a Pet Lizard in Siblings With Sickle Cell Anemia: An Avoidable Risk. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 24(1), 75-76. doi:10.1097/00043426-200201000-00020Tu, Z.-C., Zeitlin, G., Gagner, J.-P., Keo, T., Hanna, B. A., & Blaser, M. J. (2004). Campylobacter fetus of Reptile Origin as a Human Pathogen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(9), 4405-4407. doi:10.1128/jcm.42.9.4405-4407.2004Hidalgo-Vila, J., Díaz-Paniagua, C., Pérez-Santigosa, N., de Frutos-Escobar, C., & Herrero-Herrero, A. (2008). Salmonella in free-living exotic and native turtles and in pet exotic turtles from SW Spain. Research in Veterinary Science, 85(3), 449-452. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.01.011Harris, J. R., Neil, K. P., Behravesh, C. B., Sotir, M. J., & Angulo, F. J. (2010). Recent Multistate Outbreaks of HumanSalmonellaInfections Acquired from Turtles: A Continuing Public Health Challenge. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(4), 554-559. doi:10.1086/649932Geue, L., & Löschner, U. (2002). Salmonella enterica in reptiles of German and Austrian origin. Veterinary Microbiology, 84(1-2), 79-91. doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00437-0Sánchez-Jiménez, M. M., Rincón-Ruiz, P. A., Duque, S., Giraldo, M. A., Ramírez-Monroy, D. M., Jaramillo, G., & Cardona-Castro, N. (2011). Salmonella enterica in semi-aquatic turtles in Colombia. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 5(05), 361-364. doi:10.3855/jidc.1126HEALTH SURVEY OF WILD AND CAPTIVE BOG TURTLES (CLEMMYS MUHLENBERGII) IN NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA. (2002). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 33(4), 311-316. doi:10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0311:hsowac]2.0.co;2Richards, J. M., Brown, J. D., Kelly, T. R., Fountain, A. L., & Sleeman, J. M. (2004). ABSENCE OF DETECTABLE SALMONELLA CLOACAL SHEDDING IN FREE-LIVING REPTILES ON ADMISSION TO THE WILDLIFE CENTER OF VIRGINIA. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 35(4), 562-563. doi:10.1638/03-070Hidalgo-Vila, J., Díaz-Paniagua, C., de Frutos-Escobar, C., Jiménez-Martínez, C., & Pérez-Santigosa, N. (2007). Salmonella in free living terrestrial and aquatic turtles. Veterinary Microbiology, 119(2-4), 311-315. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.012Acheson, D., & Allos, B. M. (2001). Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Update on Emerging Issues and Trends. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(8), 1201-1206. doi:10.1086/319760Briones, V., Tellez, S., Goyache, J., Ballesteros, C., del Pilar Lanzarot, M., Dominguez, L., & Fernandez-Garayzabal, J. F. (2004). Salmonella diversity associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in Spain. Environmental Microbiology, 6(8), 868-871. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00631.xMan, S. M. (2011). The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 8(12), 669-685. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.191Ugarte-Ruiz, M., Gómez-Barrero, S., Porrero, M. C., Álvarez, J., García, M., Comerón, M. C., … Domínguez, L. (2012). Evaluation of four protocols for the detection and isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter from different matrices. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(1), 200-208. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05323.xJeffrey, J. S., Tonooka, K. H., & Lozanot, J. (2001). Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. from Skin, Crop, and Intestine of Commercial Broiler Chicken Carcasses at Processing. Poultry Science, 80(9), 1390-1392. doi:10.1093/ps/80.9.1390Perko-Mäkelä, P., Isohanni, P., Katzav, M., Lund, M., Hänninen, M.-L., & Lyhs, U. (2009). A longitudinal study of Campylobacter distribution in a turkey production chain. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 51(1). doi:10.1186/1751-0147-51-18Saelinger, C. A., Lewbart, G. A., Christian, L. S., & Lemons, C. L. (2006). Prevalence ofSalmonellaspp in cloacal, fecal, and gastrointestinal mucosal samples from wild North American turtles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 229(2), 266-268. doi:10.2460/javma.229.2.266Chambers, D. L., & Hulse, A. C. (2006). Salmonella Serovars in the Herpetofauna of Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(5), 3771-3773. doi:10.1128/aem.72.5.3771-3773.2006Gaertner, J. P., Hahn, D., Jackson, J., Forstner, M. R. J., & Rose, F. L. (2008). Detection of Salmonellae in Captive and Free-Ranging Turtles Using Enrichment Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Herpetology, 42(2), 223-231. doi:10.1670/07-1731.1Magnino, S., Colin, P., Dei-Cas, E., Madsen, M., McLauchlin, J., Nöckler, K., … Van Peteghem, C. (2009). Biological risks associated with consumption of reptile products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 134(3), 163-175. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.001XIA, X., ZHAO, S., SMITH, A., MCEVOY, J., MENG, J., & BHAGWAT, A. (2009). Characterization of Salmonella isolates from retail foods based on serotyping, pulse field gel electrophoresis, antibiotic resistance and other phenotypic properties. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 129(1), 93-98. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.11.007Franco, A., Hendriksen, R. S., Lorenzetti, S., Onorati, R., Gentile, G., Dell’Omo, G., … Battisti, A. (2011). Characterization of Salmonella Occurring at High Prevalence in a Population of the Land Iguana Conolophus subcristatus in Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23147. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023147Scheelings, T. F., Lightfoot, D., & Holz, P. (2011). PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA IN AUSTRALIAN REPTILES. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 1-11. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-47.1.1Pasmans, F., Blahak, S., Martel, A., & Pantchev, N. (2008). Introducing reptiles into a captive collection: The role of the veterinarian. The Veterinary Journal, 175(1), 53-68. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.009Strohl, P., Tilly, B., Fremy, S., Brisabois, A., & Guerin-Faublee, V. (2004). Prevalence of Salmonella shedding in faeces by captive chelonians. Veterinary Record, 154(2), 56-58. doi:10.1136/vr.154.2.5

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update to the "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," last published in 2008. DESIGN: A consensus committee of 68 international experts representing 30 international organizations was convened. Nominal groups were assembled at key international meetings (for those committee members attending the conference). A formal conflict of interest policy was developed at the onset of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independent of any industry funding. A stand-alone meeting was held for all subgroup heads, co- and vice-chairs, and selected individuals. Teleconferences and electronic-based discussion among subgroups and among the entire committee served as an integral part of the development. METHODS: The authors were advised to follow the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence from high (A) to very low (D) and to determine the strength of recommendations as strong (1) or weak (2). The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized. Recommendations were classified into three groups: (1) those directly targeting severe sepsis; (2) those targeting general care of the critically ill patient and considered high priority in severe sepsis; and (3) pediatric considerations. RESULTS: Key recommendations and suggestions, listed by category, include: early quantitative resuscitation of the septic patient during the first 6 h after recognition (1C); blood cultures before antibiotic therapy (1C); imaging studies performed promptly to confirm a potential source of infection (UG); administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials therapy within 1 h of the recognition of septic shock (1B) and severe sepsis without septic shock (1C) as the goal of therapy; reassessment of antimicrobial therapy daily for de-escalation, when appropriate (1B); infection source control with attention to the balance of risks and benefits of the chosen method within 12 h of diagnosis (1C); initial fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (1B) and consideration of the addition of albumin in patients who continue to require substantial amounts of crystalloid to maintain adequate mean arterial pressure (2C) and the avoidance of hetastarch formulations (1B); initial fluid challenge in patients with sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion and suspicion of hypovolemia to achieve a minimum of 30 mL/kg of crystalloids (more rapid administration and greater amounts of fluid may be needed in some patients (1C); fluid challenge technique continued as long as hemodynamic improvement is based on either dynamic or static variables (UG); norepinephrine as the first-choice vasopressor to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg (1B); epinephrine when an additional agent is needed to maintain adequate blood pressure (2B); vasopressin (0.03 U/min) can be added to norepinephrine to either raise mean arterial pressure to target or to decrease norepinephrine dose but should not be used as the initial vasopressor (UG); dopamine is not recommended except in highly selected circumstances (2C); dobutamine infusion administered or added to vasopressor in the presence of (a) myocardial dysfunction as suggested by elevated cardiac filling pressures and low cardiac output, or (b) ongoing signs of hypoperfusion despite achieving adequate intravascular volume and adequate mean arterial pressure (1C); avoiding use of intravenous hydrocortisone in adult septic shock patients if adequate fluid resuscitation and vasopressor therapy are able to restore hemodynamic stability (2C); hemoglobin target of 7-9 g/dL in the absence of tissue hypoperfusion, ischemic coronary artery disease, or acute hemorrhage (1B); low tidal volume (1A) and limitation of inspiratory plateau pressure (1B) for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); application of at least a minimal amount of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in ARDS (1B); higher rather than lower level of PEEP for patients with sepsis-induced moderate or severe ARDS (2C); recruitment maneuvers in sepsis patients with severe refractory hypoxemia due to ARDS (2C); prone positioning in sepsis-induced ARDS patients with a PaO (2)/FiO (2) ratio of ≤100 mm Hg in facilities that have experience with such practices (2C); head-of-bed elevation in mechanically ventilated patients unless contraindicated (1B); a conservative fluid strategy for patients with established ARDS who do not have evidence of tissue hypoperfusion (1C); protocols for weaning and sedation (1A); minimizing use of either intermittent bolus sedation or continuous infusion sedation targeting specific titration endpoints (1B); avoidance of neuromuscular blockers if possible in the septic patient without ARDS (1C); a short course of neuromuscular blocker (no longer than 48 h) for patients with early ARDS and a PaO (2)/FI O (2) 180 mg/dL, targeting an upper blood glucose ≤180 mg/dL (1A); equivalency of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration or intermittent hemodialysis (2B); prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis (1B); use of stress ulcer prophylaxis to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with bleeding risk factors (1B); oral or enteral (if necessary) feedings, as tolerated, rather than either complete fasting or provision of only intravenous glucose within the first 48 h after a diagnosis of severe sepsis/septic shock (2C); and addressing goals of care, including treatment plans and end-of-life planning (as appropriate) (1B), as early as feasible, but within 72 h of intensive care unit admission (2C). Recommendations specific to pediatric severe sepsis include: therapy with face mask oxygen, high flow nasal cannula oxygen, or nasopharyngeal continuous PEEP in the presence of respiratory distress and hypoxemia (2C), use of physical examination therapeutic endpoints such as capillary refill (2C); for septic shock associated with hypovolemia, the use of crystalloids or albumin to deliver a bolus of 20 mL/kg of crystalloids (or albumin equivalent) over 5-10 min (2C); more common use of inotropes and vasodilators for low cardiac output septic shock associated with elevated systemic vascular resistance (2C); and use of hydrocortisone only in children with suspected or proven "absolute"' adrenal insufficiency (2C). CONCLUSIONS: Strong agreement existed among a large cohort of international experts regarding many level 1 recommendations for the best care of patients with severe sepsis. Although a significant number of aspects of care have relatively weak support, evidence-based recommendations regarding the acute management of sepsis and septic shock are the foundation of improved outcomes for this important group of critically ill patients

Disc-based microarrays: principles and analytical applications

[EN] The idea of using disk drives to monitor molecular biorecognition events on regular optical discs has received considerable attention during the last decade. CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs and other new optical discs are universal and versatile supports with the potential for development of protein and DNA microarrays. Besides, standard disk drives incorporated in personal computers can be used as compact and affordable optical reading devices. Consequently, a CD technology, resulting from the audio-video industry, has been used to develop analytical applications in health care, environmental monitoring, food safety and quality assurance. The review presents and critically evaluates the current state of the art of disc-based microarrays with illustrative examples, including past, current and future developments. Special mention is made of the analytical developments that use either chemically activated or raw standard CDs where proteins, oligonucleotides, peptides, haptens or other biological probes are immobilized. The discs are also used to perform the assays and must maintain their readability with standard optical drives. The concept and principle of evolving disc-based microarrays and the evolution of disk drives as optical detectors are also described. The review concludes with the most relevant uses ordered chronologically to provide an overview of the progress of CD technology applications in the life sciences. Also, it provides a selection of important references to the current literature.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project CTQ2013-45875-R) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO II 2014/040 and ACOMP 2012/158). All authors were partially sponsored by the European Regional Development Fund.Morais, S.; Puchades, R.; Maquieira Catala, Á. 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Interrelationship between ectoparasites and wild rodents from northeastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina

Infestation parameters and indices of mites, ticks and fleas associated with wild rodents from northeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, were studied. Host species similarity was also analyzed in relation to their ectoparasites. Fifty-five rodents were captured from January 2000 to March 2001. In total, 1,022 ectoparasites were collected and three ectoparasite-host associations were new records. However, this is the first study on Craneopsylla minerva wolffhuegeli infesting parameters. Ectoparasite total mean abundance and total prevalence were higher in Holochilus brasiliensis (MA = 47.7; P = 100%) and Scapteromys aquaticus (MA = 25.4; P = 95.4%), meanwhile specific richness and diversity were higher in Oligoryzomys flavescens (S = 6; H = 1.3) and Akodon azarae (S = 4; H = 1.0). On the other hand, the only individual of Calomys laucha was not parasited. S. aquaticus-H. brasiliensis, which preferred similar microhabitats, shared the same ectoparasite species (Css = 100). Whereas, A. azarae, which was mostly associated with grassland, showed the highest difference with the other hosts (Css < 0.4). Considering every ectoparasite species, H. brasiliensis showed the highest mean abundance, prevalence and preference. The results suggest that the particular characteristics of this rodent would give it better possibilities not only of being infested by ectoparasites, but also of transmitting them to its progeny