Primera aproximació a una llista vermella dels fongs d'Andorra

S'ha avaluat el grau d'amenaça d'un total de 502 fongs d'Andorra, basant-nos en dades de la bibliografia i en observacions de camp. La informació obtinguda en aquests treballs ha estat comparada amb la de les bases de dades de biodiversitat i les llistes vermelles dels països veïns. Posteriorment s'han avaluat els diferents tàxons amb la metodologia de la IUCN, per determinar el seu grau d'amenaça. S'ha comprovat que moltes de les espècies que cal incloure en les categories més amenaçades formen part de la micoflora de les congesteres, tant pel seu grau d'aïllament com per l'amenaça que suposa el canvi climàtic per les comunitats vegetals de les congesteres. El resultat de l'avaluació de 502 espècies ha estat el següent: en Perill Crític (CR) no s'ha detectat cap espècie; En Perill (EN) hi ha 7 espècies, que és 1,39% del total; com Vulnerables (VU) hi ha 23 (4,58% del total); com Quasi Amenaçades (NT) hi ha 30 (5,97%). Hi ha 392 espècies en la categoria de Preocupació Menor (LC) que són un 78,08%. En la categoria de Dades Insuficients (DD) i No Avaluades (NE) hi ha 44 espècies (8,76%). Finalment, hi ha 6 espècies (1,19%), la presència de les quals no ha estat confirmada.Se ha evaluado el grado de amenaza de un total de 502 hongos de Andorra basándonos en datos de la bibliografía y en observaciones de campo. La información obtenida en estos trabajos ha sido cotejada con las bases de datos de biodiversidad y las listas rojas de los países vecinos. Posteriormente se han evaluado los diferentes taxones con la metodología de la IUCN para determinar su grado de amenaza. Se ha comprobado que muchas de las especies a incluir en las categorías más amenazadas forman parte de la micoflora de los neveros, tanto por su grado de aislamiento como por la amenaza que supone el cambio climático para las comunidades vegetales que los pueblan. El resultado de la evaluación de 502 especies ha sido el siguiente: en Peligro Crítico (CR) no se ha detectado ninguna especie; En Peligro (EN) hay 7 especies, que es 1,39% del total; como Vulnerables (VU) hay 23 (4,58% del total); como Casi Amenazadas (NT) hay 30 (5,97%). Hay 392 especies en la categoría de Preocupación Menor (LC) que son un 78,08%. En la categoría de Datos Insuficientes (DD) y No Evaluadas (NE) hay 44 especies (8,76%). Finalmente, hay 6 (1,19%), la presencia de las cuales no ha sido confirmada.The level of threat of 502 fungi from Andorra has been evaluated according to the data obtained from the bibliography and field observations. The information from these works has been compared with the biodiversity databases and the red lists of neighbouring countries. Subsequently, the different taxa were determined with the IUCN methodology in order to assess their level of threat. It has been found that many of the species in the highest threatened categories are part of the mycoflora of the snowbeds, both because of their degree of isolation and the effect of the climate warming. The result of the evaluation of 502 species is: in Critically Endangered (CR) no species has been detected; Endangered (EN) 7 species, which is 1.39% of the total; Vulnerable (VU) 23 (4.58% of the total); Near Threatened (NT) 30 (5.97%). There are 392 species in the category of Least Concern (LC) that are 78.08%. In the category of Data Deficient (DD) and Not Evaluated (NE) there are 44 species (8.76%). Finally, there are 6 species (1.19%), whose presence has not been confirmed

VLBI measurement of the vector baseline between geodetic antennas at Kokee Park Geophysical Observatory, Hawaii

We measured the components of the 31-m-long vector between the two Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) antennas at the Kokee Park Geophysical Observatory (KPGO), Hawaii, with approximately 1 mm precision using phase-delay observables from dedicated VLBI observations in 2016 and 2018. The two KPGO antennas are the 20 m legacy VLBI antenna and the 12 m VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) antenna. Independent estimates of the vector between the two antennas were obtained by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) using standard optical surveys in 2015 and 2018. The uncertainties of the latter survey were 0.3 and 0.7 mm in the horizontal and vertical components of the baseline, respectively. We applied corrections to the measured positions for the varying thermal deformation of the antennas on the different days of the VLBI and survey measurements, which can amount to 1 mm, bringing all results to a common reference temperature. The difference between the VLBI and survey results are 0.2 +/- 0.4 mm, -1.3 +/- 0.4 mm, and 0.8 +/- 0.8 mm in the East, North, and Up topocentric components, respectively. We also estimate that the Up component of the baseline may suffer from systematic errors due to gravitational deformation and uncalibrated instrumental delay variations at the 20 m antenna that may reach +/-10 mm and -2 mm, respectively, resulting in an accuracy uncertainty on the order of 10 mm for the relative heights of the antennas. Furthermore, possible tilting of the 12 m antenna increases the uncertainties in the differences in the horizontal components to 1.0 mm. These results bring into focus the importance of (1) correcting to a common reference temperature the measurements of the reference points of all geodetic instruments within a site, (2) obtaining measurements of the gravitational deformation of all antennas, and (3) monitoring local motions of the geodetic instruments.Comment: 34 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Journal of Geodes

An assessment of static Precise Point Positioning using GPS only, GLONASS only, and GPS plus GLONASS

The aim of this paper is to look into the achievable repeatability and accuracy from Precise Point Positioning (PPP) daily solutions when using GPS only (PPP GPS), GLONASS only (PPP GLO), and GPS plus GLONASS (PPP GPS+GLO) for static positioning. As part of the assessment, a comparison with global double difference (DD) GPS daily solutions is presented. It is shown, therefore, that all of the PPP daily solutions can achieve millimetric level repeatability, similar to the global DD GPS solutions. Furthermore, the mean of the biases between the PPP daily solutions and the global DD GPS daily solutions are constellation type dependent, while an improvement is found in the vertical component for PPP GPS+GLO over PPP GLO, as the latter may be more affected by any imperfections in the models for GLONASS antenna phase centre variations. It is concluded that PPP GLO daily solutions have the ability to be used as independent solutions to PPP GPS daily solutions for static positioning, and as an alternative to PPP GPS+GLO or global DD GPS daily solutions

Optimizing management of invasions in an uncertain world using dynamic spatial models

Dispersal drives invasion dynamics of nonnative species and pathogens. Applying knowledge of dispersal to optimize the management of invasions can mean the difference between a failed and a successful control program and dramatically improve the return on investment of control efforts. A common approach to identifying optimal management solutions for invasions is to optimize dynamic spatial models that incorporate dispersal. Optimizing these spatial models can be very challenging because the interaction of time, space, and uncertainty rapidly amplifies the number of dimensions being considered. Addressing such problems requires advances in and the integration of techniques from multiple fields, including ecology, decision analysis, bioeconomics, natural resource management, and optimization. By synthesizing recent advances from these diverse fields, we provide a workflow for applying ecological theory to advance optimal management science and highlight priorities for optimizing the control of invasions. One of the striking gaps we identify is the extremely limited consideration of dispersal uncertainty in optimal management frameworks, even though dispersal estimates are highly uncertain and greatly influence invasion outcomes. In addition, optimization frameworks rarely consider multiple types of uncertainty (we describe five major types) and their interrelationships. Thus, feedbacks from management or other sources that could magnify uncertainty in dispersal are rarely considered. Incorporating uncertainty is crucial for improving transparency in decision risks and identifying optimal management strategies. We discuss gaps and solutions to the challenges of optimization using dynamic spatial models to increase the practical application of these important tools and improve the consistency and robustness of management recommendations for invasions

Multiplexed, High Density Electrophysiology with Nanofabricated Neural Probes

Extracellular electrode arrays can reveal the neuronal network correlates of behavior with single-cell, single-spike, and sub-millisecond resolution. However, implantable electrodes are inherently invasive, and efforts to scale up the number and density of recording sites must compromise on device size in order to connect the electrodes. Here, we report on silicon-based neural probes employing nanofabricated, high-density electrical leads. Furthermore, we address the challenge of reading out multichannel data with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) performing signal amplification, band-pass filtering, and multiplexing functions. We demonstrate high spatial resolution extracellular measurements with a fully integrated, low noise 64-channel system weighing just 330 mg. The on-chip multiplexers make possible recordings with substantially fewer external wires than the number of input channels. By combining nanofabricated probes with ASICs we have implemented a system for performing large-scale, high-density electrophysiology in small, freely behaving animals that is both minimally invasive and highly scalable

Species recovery in the united states: Increasing the effectiveness of the endangered species act

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) has succeeded in shielding hundreds of species from extinction and improving species recovery over time. However, recovery for most species officially protected by the ESA - i.e., listed species-has been harder to achieve than initially envisioned. Threats to species are persistent and pervasive, funding has been insufficient, the distribution of money among listed species is highly uneven, and at least 10 times more species than are actually listed probably qualify for listing. Moreover, many listed species will require ongoing management for the foreseeable future to protect them from persistent threats. Climate change will exacerbate this problem and increase both species risk and management uncertainty, requiring more intensive and controversial management strategies to prevent species from going extinct