641 research outputs found
Internationalization of Counselor Education: Lived Experiences of US Counselors-in-Training Abroad
In response to globalization in the counseling profession and the incorporation of international immersion courses in counselor education programs, the purpose of this study is to understand the lived experience of counselors-intraining participating internationally in a study abroad course. The research question was: What is the experience of a counselor-in-training who has participated in a study abroad trip as a part of their training program? Utilizing van Manenâs phenomenological methodology (1990), the researcher explored the experiences of four counselors-in-training participating in an international study abroad course. Overall emergent themes included experiencing new contexts, emotions, and new learning with an emphasis on âexperiencing.â These themes highlighted implications for counselor educators in international curriculum development and course planning as well as informing counselorsin-training on potential impacts of international immersion courses
Post-synthetic Modification of DUT-5-based Metal Organic Frameworks for the Generation of Single-site Catalysts and their Application in Selective Epoxidation Reactions
New singleâsite catalysts based on mixedâlinker metalâorganic frameworks with DUTâ5 structure, which contain immobilized Co2+, Mn2+ and Mn3+ complexes, have successfully been synthesized via postâsynthetic modification. 2,2ââBipyridineâ5,5ââdicarboxylate linkers were directly metalated, while 2âaminoâ4,4ââbiphenyldicarboxylate linkers were postâsynthetically modified by their conversion to Schiffâbase ligands and a subsequent immobilization of the metal complexes. The resulting materials were used as catalysts in the selective epoxidation of transâstilbene and the activities and selectivities of the different catalysts were compared. The influence of various reaction parameters on conversion, yield and selectivity were investigated. Very low catalyst amounts of 0.02â
molâ% were sufficient to obtain a high conversion of transâstilbene using molecular oxygen from air as the oxidant. For cobaltâcontaining MOF catalysts, conversions up to 90â% were observed and, thus, they were more active than their manganeseâcontaining counterparts. Recycling experiments and hot filtration tests proved that the reactions were mainly catalyzed via heterogeneous pathways
Improving Incremental Balance in the GSI 3DVAR Analysis System
The Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system is a unified global/regional 3DVAR analysis code that has been under development for several years at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Environmental Modeling Center. It has recently been implemented into operations at NCEP in both the global and North American data assimilation systems (GDAS and NDAS). An important aspect of this development has been improving the balance of the analysis produced by GSI. The improved balance between variables has been achieved through the inclusion of a Tangent Linear Normal Mode Constraint (TLNMC). The TLNMC method has proven to be very robust and effective. The TLNMC as part of the global GSI system has resulted in substantial improvement in data assimilation both at NCEP and at the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)
In Vitro HIV-1 Evolution in Response to Triple Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors & In Silico Phenotypic Analysis
Background Effectiveness of ART regimens strongly depends upon complex
interactions between the selective pressure of drugs and the evolution of
mutations that allow or restrict drug resistance. Methods Four clinical
isolates from NRTI-exposed, NNRTI-naive subjects were passaged in increasing
concentrations of NVP in combination with 1 ”M 3 TC and 2 ”M ADV to assess
selective pressures of multi-drug treatment. A novel parameter inference
procedure, based on a stochastic viral growth model, was used to estimate
phenotypic resistance and fitness from in vitro combination passage
experiments. Results Newly developed mathematical methods estimated key
phenotypic parameters of mutations arising through selective pressure exerted
by 3 TC and NVP. Concentrations of 1 ”M 3 TC maintained the M184V mutation,
which was associated with intrinsic fitness deficits. Increasing NVP
concentrations selected major NNRTI resistance mutations. The evolutionary
pathway of NVP resistance was highly dependent on the viral genetic
background, epistasis as well as stochasticity. Parameter estimation indicated
that the previously unrecognized mutation L228Q was associated with NVP
resistance in some isolates. Conclusion Serial passage of viruses in the
presence of multiple drugs may resemble the selection of mutations observed
among treated individuals and populations in vivo and indicate evolutionary
preferences and restrictions. Phenotypic resistance estimated here âin silicoâ
from in vitro passage experiments agreed well with previous knowledge,
suggesting that the unique combination of âwet-â and âdry-labâ experimentation
may improve our understanding of HIV-1 resistance evolution in the future
Canine respiratory coronavirus employs caveolin-1-mediated pathway for internalization to HRT-18G cells
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), identified in 2003, is a member of the Coronaviridae family. The virus is a betacoronavirus and a close relative of human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Here, we examined entry of CRCoV into human rectal tumor cells (HRT-18G cell line) by analyzing co-localization of single virus particles with cellular markers in the presence or absence of chemical inhibitors of pathways potentially involved in virus entry. We also targeted these pathways using siRNA. The results show that the virus hijacks caveolin-dependent endocytosis to enter cells via endocytic internalization
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy
neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of
IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and
enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here
the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module
(DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling
and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering
systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due
to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are
operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of
99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have
been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to
operate at least until the end of the next decade.Comment: 83 pages, 50 figures; updated with minor changes from journal review
and proofin
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Short hydrogen bonds enhance nonaromatic protein-related fluorescence.
Fluorescence in biological systems is usually associated with the presence of aromatic groups. Here, by employing a combined experimental and computational approach, we show that specific hydrogen bond networks can significantly affect fluorescence. In particular, we reveal that the single amino acid L-glutamine, by undergoing a chemical transformation leading to the formation of a short hydrogen bond, displays optical properties that are significantly enhanced compared with L-glutamine itself. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations highlight that these short hydrogen bonds prevent the appearance of a conical intersection between the excited and the ground states and thereby significantly decrease nonradiative transition probabilities. Our findings open the door to the design of new photoactive materials with biophotonic applications
Short hydrogen bonds enhance nonaromatic protein-related fluorescence.
Fluorescence in biological systems is usually associated with the presence of aromatic groups. Here, by employing a combined experimental and computational approach, we show that specific hydrogen bond networks can significantly affect fluorescence. In particular, we reveal that the single amino acid L-glutamine, by undergoing a chemical transformation leading to the formation of a short hydrogen bond, displays optical properties that are significantly enhanced compared with L-glutamine itself. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations highlight that these short hydrogen bonds prevent the appearance of a conical intersection between the excited and the ground states and thereby significantly decrease nonradiative transition probabilities. Our findings open the door to the design of new photoactive materials with biophotonic applications
Prototype ATLAS IBL Modules using the FE-I4A Front-End Readout Chip
The ATLAS Collaboration will upgrade its semiconductor pixel tracking
detector with a new Insertable B-layer (IBL) between the existing pixel
detector and the vacuum pipe of the Large Hadron Collider. The extreme
operating conditions at this location have necessitated the development of new
radiation hard pixel sensor technologies and a new front-end readout chip,
called the FE-I4. Planar pixel sensors and 3D pixel sensors have been
investigated to equip this new pixel layer, and prototype modules using the
FE-I4A have been fabricated and characterized using 120 GeV pions at the CERN
SPS and 4 GeV positrons at DESY, before and after module irradiation. Beam test
results are presented, including charge collection efficiency, tracking
efficiency and charge sharing.Comment: 45 pages, 30 figures, submitted to JINS
Drug-Class Specific Impact of Antivirals on the Reproductive Capacity of HIV
Predictive markers linking drug efficacy to clinical outcome are a key component in the drug discovery and development process. In HIV infection, two different measures, viral load decay and phenotypic assays, are used to assess drug efficacy in vivo and in vitro. For the newly introduced class of integrase inhibitors, a huge discrepancy between these two measures of efficacy was observed. Hence, a thorough understanding of the relation between these two measures of drug efficacy is imperative for guiding future drug discovery and development activities in HIV. In this article, we developed a novel viral dynamics model, which allows for a mechanistic integration of the mode of action of all approved drugs and drugs in late clinical trials. Subsequently, we established a link between in vivo and in vitro measures of drug efficacy, and extract important determinants of drug efficacy in vivo. The analysis is based on a new quantityâthe reproductive capacityâthat represents in mathematical terms the in vivo analog of the read-out of a phenotypic assay. Our results suggest a drug-class specific impact of antivirals on the total amount of viral replication. Moreover, we showed that the (drug-)target half life, dominated by immune-system related clearance processes, is a key characteristic that affects both the emergence of resistance as well as the in vitroâin vivo correlation of efficacy measures in HIV treatment. We found that protease- and maturation inhibitors, due to their target half-life, decrease the total amount of viral replication and the emergence of resistance most efficiently
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