Retroceso del glaciar del Carihuairazo y sus implicaciones en la comunidad de Cunucyacu

El retroceso de los glaciares es una realidad en toda la cordillera de los Andes, sobre todo en montañas de baja altitud. Uno de estos casos es la pérdida de la masa de hielo remanente en el Carihuairazo (Tungurahua, Ecuador), que en los últimos años ha experimentado un retroceso considerable. En esta investigación se intenta caracterizar el retroceso de este glaciar y su implicación en la comunidad más cercana (Cunucyacu) por medio de la aplicación de una metodología de múltiples fuentes que incluye la recopilación de aerofotografías del glaciar, datos de estaciones meteorológicas cercanas, uso de datos de reanálisis del clima global, entrevistas a miembros de la comunidad y a andinistas que trabajan y frecuentan la zona. Para caracterizar la evolución de la masa del glaciar aplicamos un modelo hidroglaciológico que usa como entrada datos de series meteorológicas y cuyos parámetros fueron calibrados con el registro fotográfico del contorno del glaciar. Como resultados se puede evidenciar una pérdida del glaciar para el 2021 equivalente al 99% de su superficie en 1956 (0.34 ). El modelo logra simular la variación del área del glaciar durante 67 años, en donde se observa un decrecimiento continuo del glaciar a partir de 1978, con cortos periodos de recuperación y equilibrio, en donde la temperatura es la variable que mejor explica el retroceso del glaciar. El modelo no logra considerar el efecto de factores externos como el caso de la erupción del volcán Tungurahua que podría favorecer el retroceso del glaciar. El glaciar Carihuairazo se encuentra en una situación de inevitable desaparición y revela las vulnerabilidades de las comunidades que se enfrentan a este fenómeno como consecuencia del cambio climático.The retreat of glaciers is a reality throughout the Andes Mountain range, especially in low-altitude mountains. One of these cases is the loss of the remaining ice mass in Carihuairazo (Tungurahua, Ecuador), which in recent years has experienced a considerable retreat. This research aims to characterize the retreat of this glacier and its implications for the nearby community (Cunucyacu) through the application of a multi-source methodology, which includes the collection of glacier aerial photographs, data from nearby meteorological stations, the use of global climate reanalysis data, interviews with community members, and mountaineers who work and frequent the area. To characterize the glacier’s mass evolution, a hydroglaciological model was applied, using input data from meteorological series, and its parameters were calibrated with the photographic record of the glacier’s outline. The results show a glacier loss of 99% of its surface in 1956 (0.34 ) by 2021. The model successfully simulates the glacier area variation over 67 years, revealing a continuous decrease since 1978, with short periods of recovery and equilibrium, where temperature is the variable that best explains the glacier’s retreat. However, the model fails to consider the effect of external factors, such as the eruption of the Tungurahua volcano that could enhance the glacier retreat. The Carihuairazo glacier is in a situation of inevitable disappearance, highlighting the vulnerabilities of communities facing this phenomenon as a consequence of climate change

Diurnal and seasonal active layer and permafrost dynamics from boreholes of the Latin American permafrost network

Permafrost is present in the high-altitude mountains of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt as well as the Andes, even in the extreme dry Atacama highland. The permafrost and active layer termal state are characterized at Latin American Permafrost Network study sites. Ice rich or extremely dry permafrost was observed during drilling operations from Mexico (Pico de Orizaba, 5636m a.s.l. Iztaccíhuatl, 5230m a.s.l.), Colombia, Ecuador (Chimborazo, 6263m a.s.l.), Peru (Coropuna 5250 m a.s.l., Ampato 5850 m a.s.l., Chachani 5600 m a.s.l.) including the highest human habitation in the world: La Rinconada 5100 m a.s.l., Bolivia (Chacaltaya 5300 m a.s.l. where glacier disappeared in 2005), and the Chilean/Argentinian border (up to 6750 m a.s.l. including Parinacota, Aucanquilcha, Ojos del Salado, Llullaillaco, Tupungato and Tupungatito). The Lower Limit of Alpine Permafrost (LLAP) is redrawn from this study between latitude 19˚N and 40˚S where it is mainly in the tropical and arid Andes. This is not a rock glacier monitoring program that not mapping sporadic permafrost, but continuous permafrost terrains for long term temperature monitoring and understanding for local hydrological problems such as glacier/snow melt runoff or sublimation rate of higher elevations. The maximum active layer is typically influenced by the diurnal fluctuations which is between 12-30 cm deep however, maximum 2m depth of the seasonal active layer was observed at Ojos del Salado near the LLAP (5200 m a.s.l.). Daily severe frost shattering occurs near the ground surface, producing a dusty, fine-material horizon at an active layer near the LLAP, however a few freeze-thaw actions are higher than 6400 m. The snow-covered periods are important for providing protection from strong tropic solar radiation

Parasitismo Natural de Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), en cuatro departamentos de Paraguay

  The impact produced by natural enemies on culture pests is a very important factor to be taken into account when evaluating control methods. In this contaxt, the characteristic fauna of a region and its influence on a particular pest are very relevant data. This paper records the occurrence of parasitoids naturally associated with the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), in Paraguay, and their percentual impact, calculated from rearing larvae of the host collected during the period 2015 – 2016 in the departments of Caaguazú, Alto Paraná, Canindeyú and Itapúa. The parasitoids recorded were: Dissomphalus spp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), Exasticolus fuscicornis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ophion spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Archytas spp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Winthenia spp. (Diptera: Tachinidae).  El impacto que los enemigos naturales producen sobre las plagas de cultivos es un factor importante a tener en cuenta en el momento de evaluar los métodos de control a ser aplicados. En este contexto, la fauna propia de una región y su influencia sobre una plaga en particular son datos relevantes. Este articulo reporta la ocurrencia de parasitoides asociados de manera natural al gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), en el Paraguay, y su impacto porcentual, calculado en la base de cría de larvas del hospedero colectados durante el período 2015 - 2016 en los departamentos de Caaguazú, Alto Paraná, Canindeyú e Itapúa. Los parasitoides reportados fueron: Dissomphalus spp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), Exasticolus fuscicornis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ophion spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Archytas spp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) y Winthenia spp. (Diptera: Tachinidae

Technical Summary

This Technical Summary of the IPCC Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) consists of the Executive Summaries of all chapters (1-6) of the Special Report, the Executive Summary from the Integrative Cross-Chapter Box on Low-Lying Islands and Coasts, and supporting figures drawn from the chapters and the Summary for Policymakers. The Technical Summary follows the structure of the Report (Table TS.1). Section TS.1 (Chapter 1) introduces important key concepts, summarizes the characteristics and interconnection of ocean and cryosphere and highlights their importance in the earth system and for human societies in the light of climate change. TS.2 (Chapter 2) assesses changes in high mountain cryosphere and their impacts on local mountain communities and far beyond. TS.3 (Chapter 3) evaluates the state of knowledge concerning changes and impacts in the Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere systems, including challenges and opportunities for societies. TS.4 (Chapter 4) focusses on regional and global changes in sea level, the associated risk to low-lying islands, coasts and human settlements, and response options. TS.5 (Chapter 5) assesses changes in the ocean and marine ecosystems, including risks to ecosystem services and vulnerability of the dependent communities. TS.6 (Chapter 6) examines extremes and abrupt or irreversible changes in the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate, and identifies sustainable and resilient risk management strategies. All chapters and their Executive Summaries build on findings since the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and, whenever applicable, outcomes of the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (SR15).Fil: Amro, Abd lgawad. Tourism Development Authority, Ministry Of Tourism, Cai; EgiptoFil: Abram, Nerilie. Australian National University; AustraliaFil: Adler, Carolina. Mountain Research Initiative - Mri; SuizaFil: Alegria, Andrés. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; AlemaniaFil: Aristegui, Javier. Universidad de Las Palmas Gran Canaria; EspañaFil: Bindoff, Nathaniel L.. Csiro Oceans And Atmosphere.; AustraliaFil: Bouwer, Laurens. Climate Service Center Germany (gerics); AlemaniaFil: Cáceres, Bolívar. Universidad Mayor de San Simón; BoliviaFil: Cai, Rongshuo. State Oceanic Administration Of China; ChinaFil: Cassotta, Sandra. Aalborg University; DinamarcaFil: Cheng, Lijing. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Cheong, So Min. University of Kansas; Estados UnidosFil: Cheung, William W. L.. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Chidichimo, María Paz. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval. Departamento Oceanografía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cifuentes Jara, Miguel. No especifíca;Fil: Gruber, Nadia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Collins, Matthew. No especifíca;Fil: Crate, Susan. No especifíca;Fil: Rob Deconto (USA),. No especifíca;Fil: Chris Derksen (Canada),. No especifíca;Fil: Alexey Ekaykin (Russian Federation),. No especifíca;Fil: Hiroyuki Enomoto (Japan),. No especifíca;Fil: Thomas Frölicher (Switzerland),. No especifíca;Fil: Garschagen, Matthias. No especifíca;Fil: Gattuso, Jean Pierre. No especifíca;Fil: Tibig, Lourdes. No especifíca;Fil: van de Wal, Roderik. Utrecht University; Países BajosFil: Williamson, Phillip. University of Liverpool; Reino UnidoFil: Yu, Rong. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Zhai, Panmao. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de Chin

High Mountain Areas

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral element of high-mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population. Widespread cryosphere changes affect physical, biological and human systems in the mountains and surrounding lowlands, with impacts evident even in the ocean. Building on the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), this chapter assesses new evidence on observed recent and projected changes in the mountain cryosphere as well as associated impacts, risks and adaptation measures related to natural and human systems. Impacts in response to climate changes independently of changes in the cryosphere are not assessed in this chapter. Polar mountains are included in Chapter 3, except those in Alaska and adjacent Yukon, Iceland, and Scandinavia, which are included in this chapter

Práctica social y empresarial solidaria en la empresa de telecomunicaciones de Bogotá (gerencia de comunicaciones )

La Gerencia de Comunicaciones en una empresa juega un papel crítico en la forma en que una organización se relaciona con sus empleados, clientes, accionistas y otras partes interesadas. En un mundo cada vez más globalizado y digital, donde la información fluye a altas velocidades, una gerencia de comunicaciones efectiva se ha convertido en un pilar clave para el éxito y la supervivencia de cualquier empresa. La gestión adecuada de la comunicación permite transmitir valores, principios y mensajes coherentes que refuercen la imagen y la marca de la empresa, generando confianza y credibilidad en el mercado. Según (García, 1998) en su libro, ‘La comunicación interna’ expresa que, “La comunicación interna es todavía una de las grandes asignaturas de la empresa. Reconocida por todos los hombres de empresa como una necesidad ineludible al servicio de una gestión moderna e innovadora” dando a entender, que la comunicación asertiva entre los actores de una empresa pasa a ser una necesidad, que le brinda a esta misma beneficios en su estructura general. De igual forma se toma lo mencionado por ( Argenti, 1996) el cual expresa que” La comunicación corporativa, es un elemento central en la gestión de organizaciones siendo esta una disciplina estratégica para construir y mantener una imagen positiva de dicha entidad, esta con la capacidad de adaptarse a los cambios en el entorno y en la organización.” Dando a entender una vez más la importancia que juega dentro de una empresa la excelente comunicación y como este factor pasa a ser clave para el cumplimiento de los propósitos de la empresa de manera satisfactoria. En conclusión, la comunicación interna es esencial para mantener a los empleados comprometidos y motivados. “La comunicación se ha convertido en un enfoque cada vez más necesario para tratar con problemas que atraviesan las líneas organizacionales” (EOI, 2013) La efectividad y eficiencia de una empresa, se ve influenciada sobre como son las interacciones humanas, ya que, es evidente que gracias a un entorno adecuado, existiría una mejora en la toma de decisiones y el fortalecimiento de las relaciones con clientes. De igual forma, desde el ámbito personal, se promueven beneficios como la comprensión y transmisión de información. En resumen, la gestión de la comunicación es importante para el éxito tanto a nivel profesional como personal. Por ende, se menciona que dentro de una empresa los trabajadores necesitan estar informados sobre los objetivos, las políticas y los cambios en esta para desempeñar su papel de manera efectiva.Communications Management in a company plays a critical role in the way an organization relates to its employees, customers, shareholders and other interested parties. In an increasingly globalized and digital world, where information flows at high speeds, effective communications management has become a key pillar for the success and survival of any company. Proper communication management allows us to transmit values, principles and coherent messages that reinforce the image and brand of the company, generating trust and credibility in the market. According to (García, 1998) in his book, 'Internal communication' he states that, “Internal communication is still one of the great subjects of the company. Recognized by all businessmen as an unavoidable necessity in the service of modern and innovative management” implying that assertive communication between the actors of a company becomes a necessity, which provides it with benefits in its structure. general. Likewise, what was mentioned by (Argenti, 1996) is taken, which states that “Corporate communication is a central element in the management of organizations, this being a strategic discipline to build and maintain a positive image of said entity, this with the ability to adapt to changes in the environment and in the organization.” Providing once again to understand the importance that excellent communication plays within a company and how this factor becomes key to fulfilling the company's purposes satisfactorily. In conclusion, internal communication is essential to keep employees engaged and motivated. “Communication has become an increasingly necessary approach to deal with problems that cross organizational lines” (EOI, 2013) The effectiveness and efficiency of a company is influenced by how human interactions are, since it is It is evident that thanks to an appropriate environment, there would be an improvement in decision making and the strengthening of relationships with clients. Likewise, from the personal level, benefits such as the understanding and transmission of information are promoted. In short, communication management is important for success on both a professional and personal level. Therefore, it is mentioned that within a company, workers need to be informed about the objectives, policies and changes in it to play their role effectively.Introducción. -- Apertura. -- Modalidad. -- Punto de partida. -- Objetivos. -- Objetivo general. -- Objetivos específicos. -- Justificación. -- Ruta metodológica. -- Capítulos. -- A. Momento del ver: el análisis crítico. -- B. Momento del actuar: la reelaboración operativa. -- C. Momento del juzgar. -- D. Momento de la devolución creativa. -- Referencias. -- [email protected]

La oralidad en el aula : descripción de las prácticas orales en el aula del grado quinto de los colegios Gimnasio Femenino y Liceo Hermano Miguel de La Salle

En las últimas décadas se ha despertado un interés mutuo en las instituciones educativas, al igual que en el grupo de docentes de Lengua Castellana, sobre la enseñanza de la oralidad, esta preocupación ha generado la reflexión de la manera como se debe formalizar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. La presente investigación explora la metodología de la enseñanza aplicada en el colegio Gimnasio Femenino y Liceo Hermano Miguel de La Salle de Bogotá, en relación con la enseñanza de la oralidad en grado quinto. Básicamente obedece a dos circunstancias| al aspecto psicolingüístico y al aspecto etnográfico, principalmente de la actuación comunicativa. Este estudio se basa en unos referentes teóricos desde el enfoque lingüístico, el lenguaje y la interacción de los participantes en el proceso de enseñanza y en el uso de la oralidad en el contexto escolar

La oralidad en el aula descripción de las prácticas orales en el aula del grado quinto de los colegios Gimnasio Femenino y Liceo Hermano Miguel de La Salle

Profesional en Estudios LiterariosPregrad

Living at the Edge: Increasing Stress for Plants 2–13 Years After the Retreat of a Tropical Glacier

International audienceRapid warming is a major threat for the alpine biodiversity but, at the same time, accelerated glacial retreat constitutes an opportunity for taxa and communities to escape range contraction or extinction. We explored the first steps of plant primary succession after accelerated glacial retreat under the assumption that the first few years are critical for the success of plant establishment. To this end, we examined plant succession along a very short post-glacial chronosequence in the tropical Andes of Ecuador (2–13 years after glacial retreat). We recorded the location of all plant individuals within an area of 4,200 m2 divided into plots of 1 m2. This sampling made it possible to measure theresponses of the microenvironment, plant diversity and plants traits to time since the glacial retreat. It also made it possible to produce species-area curves and to estimate positive interactions between species. Decreases in soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil macronutrients revealed increasing abiotic stress for plants between two and 13 years after glacial retreat. This increasing stress seemingly explained the lack of positive correlation between plant diversity and time since the glacial retreat. It might explain the decreasing performance of plants at both the population (lower plant height) and the community levels (lower species richness and lower accumulation of species perarea). Meanwhile, infrequent spatial associations among plants indicated a facilitation deficit and animal-dispersed plants were almost absent. Although the presence of 21 species on such a small sampled area seven years after glacial retreat could look like a colonization success in the first place, the increasing abiotic stress may partly erase this success, reducing species richness to 13 species after 13 years and increasing the frequency of patches without vegetation. This fine-grain distribution study sheds new light on nature’s responses to the effects of climate change in cold biomes, suggesting that faster glacial retreat would not necessarily result in accelerated plant colonization. Results are exploratory and require site replications for generalization

La Investigación en Seguridad y Salud Laboral y sus Prioridades en Ecuador, una Aproximación desde las Políticas Públicas

The management of safety and occupational health is a fundamental basis for organizations in their constant search for better working conditions as a means to achieve the objectives of good living. In this sense, research initiatives in Ecuador should be aligned with the local problems, and the academy should be the platform for discussion and dissemination of occupational health and safety management trends that should materialize in regulations, laws and regulations. public politics. The objective of this paper is to analyze the role of research in occupational health and safety in the Ecuadorian context based on its presence in public policies. From a documentary review, the main references are identified, with which an analysis and discussion is made, with some final reflections. Among the main findings is the low productivity in research and public policies at the local level, with respect to the global, due, among other factors, to the low culture of university research and training, the lack of research lines, and the low prioritization in the public agenda of this issue of occupational health and safety.La gestión de la seguridad y la salud laboral constituye una base fundamental para las organizaciones en su constante búsqueda de mejores condiciones de trabajo como medio para alcanzar los objetivos del buen vivir. En este sentido, las iniciativas de investigación en el Ecuador deberían estar alineadas a la problemática local, y la academia debería ser la tribuna para la discusión y divulgación de las tendencias en gestión de seguridad y salud laboral que deben materializarse en normativas, leyes y políticas públicas. El objetivo de esta ponencia es analizar el papel de la investigación en seguridad y salud laboral en el contexto ecuatoriano a partir de su presencia en las políticas públicas. A partir de una revisión documental, se identifican los principales referentes, con lo cual se realiza un análisis y reflexiones finales. Entre los principales hallazgos se destaca la escasa productividad en la investigación y políticas públicas a nivel local, con respecto al global, debido, entre otros factores, a la poca cultura de investigación y formación universitaria, la falta de líneas de investigación, y a la baja priorización en la agenda pública de esta temática de seguridad y salud laboral