The Polish minority in the Republic of Lithuania: internal and external factors

The ethnic makeup of the population significantly affects the domestic policy of any state, and its relations with neighbouring countries. Although interactions with ethnic minorities are not as urgent a problem in Lithuania as they are in the two other Baltic States, ethnicity-related conflicts continue to occur, particularly, as regards the relations between the Lithua­nian state and the Polish minority, which is the largest in the country. The Polish minority-Lithuania-Poland relations are not the only factor that affects the situation of the Poles in Lithuania. The other important factors are Lithuania and Poland' EU membership, the rela­tions between Lithuania and Russia, and the Russian minority in Lithuania. Our analysis shows that the EU membership of Lithuania and Poland did not provide an instant solution to the problem of the Polish minority but rather attenuated it. Although the EU factor played a significant role before the accession of Poland and Lithuania to the Union, its influence is very limited today. The effect of the Russian factor is different. Strained Polish-Russian rela­tions do not affect the relations between the Polish and Russian minorities in Lithuania. On the contrary, both minorities collaborate on a wide range of issues

BARRIERS IN PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN

Purpose: The current situation shows that women, in comparison with men, are a more vulnerable social group. Gender stereotypes lead to an underestimation of the abilities of women and their labor input. Methodology: The paper analyzes two groups of gender stereotypes, which in fact represent barriers that impede the professional development of women in the Russian labor market.  The authors established a level of agreement with the influence of barriers on female professional activity in two groups of respondents - women with or without professional experience.  Result: The authors identified and compared the leading barriers to female professional activities. In general, in the structure of the female professional mentality, there are certain personal stereotypes that, together with socially determined gender stereotypes, have a complex impact on unlocking the female employment potential. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of barriers in the professional development of women is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

Features of the organization and conduct of career guidance work in turin multidisciplinary college under modern conditions

В ГБОУ СПО СО «Туринский многопрофильный техникум» на протяжении последних лет ведется непрерывная работа по профориентации. В данной статье описана система организации профориентационной работы нашего техникума. Данная система направлена на организацию комплекса мероприятий, направленных на формирование жизненной позиции по выбору профессиональной деятельности, поднятие имиджа нашего техникума.At GBOU act WITH "the Turin multidisciplinary College" during several recent years a continuous work on vocational guidance has been conducting. This article describes the system of the organization of vocational guidance of our College. This system is aimed at the organization of complex of activities intended for the formation of living position on the choice of professional activity, raising the image of our College

Armenia and Belarus: caught between the EU's and Russia's conditionalities?

This article looks into Armenia's and Belarus’ engagement with the European Union's (EU) and Russia's conditionalities, the two EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries that are also members of the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). While paying attention to political, economic (including energy and technical) as well as security dimensions of the EU's and Russia's approaches, as proposed in the present special section, the article demonstrates that the conditionalities extended by the EU and Russia to the two countries in question have differed. In their turn, Armenia and Belarus have reacted differently to Russia's and the EU's conditionalities. Against the backdrop of the changing significance ascribed to both the EU's and Russia's policies towards their common neighbourhood since the 1990s, the present contribution identifies and analyses factors that account for the diverging positions of Armenia and Belarus, including the type of regime, the geopolitical considerations, the stakes in the economic and energy spheres and the predisposition to integration. The article shows that in the resulting complex context, Armenia and Belarus have been able to influence the shape and content of the EU's and Russia's conditionalities, although in a different way and to a different extent.Ministry of Education and Science (UID/CPO/ 00758/2013

Essential and checkpoint functions of budding yeast ATM and ATR during meiotic prophase are facilitated by differential phosphorylation of a meiotic adaptor protein, Hop1

A hallmark of the conserved ATM/ATR signalling is its ability to mediate a wide range of functions utilizing only a limited number of adaptors and effector kinases. During meiosis, Tel1 and Mec1, the budding yeast ATM and ATR, respectively, rely on a meiotic adaptor protein Hop1, a 53BP1/Rad9 functional analog, and its associated kinase Mek1, a CHK2/Rad53-paralog, to mediate multiple functions: control of the formation and repair of programmed meiotic DNA double strand breaks, enforcement of inter-homolog bias, regulation of meiotic progression, and implementation of checkpoint responses. Here, we present evidence that the multi-functionality of the Tel1/Mec1-to-Hop1/Mek1 signalling depends on stepwise activation of Mek1 that is mediated by Tel1/Mec1 phosphorylation of two specific residues within Hop1: phosphorylation at the threonine 318 (T318) ensures the transient basal level Mek1 activation required for viable spore formation during unperturbed meiosis. Phosphorylation at the serine 298 (S298) promotes stable Hop1-Mek1 interaction on chromosomes following the initial phospho-T318 mediated Mek1 recruitment. In the absence of Dmc1, the phospho-S298 also promotes Mek1 hyper-activation necessary for implementing meiotic checkpoint arrest. Taking these observations together, we propose that the Hop1 phospho-T318 and phospho-S298 constitute key components of the Tel1/Mec1- based meiotic recombination surveillance (MRS) network and facilitate effective coupling of meiotic recombination and progression during both unperturbed and challenged meiosis

Сравнительный анализ диагностической ценности систем компьютерного анализа маммограмм I и II поколений

Aim: to compare the diagnostic efficacy of generation I and II computer aided detection (CAD) systems for mammography of our own design using the large set of unselect ed mammography images obtained in a routine clinical practice settings. Material and methods. Both CADs were tested on the set of 1532 mammography images of 356 women with confirmed breast cancer (BC). We assessed their value in the detection of suspicious areas with various characteristics located on the different density background. Size of BC lesions varied from 4 to 35 mm (mean – 13,4 ± 6,3 mm). We excluded BC representing only with microcalcification clusters from this analysis, because this task is solved using the separate universal module compatible with both CADs.Results. For I and II generation CADs we obtained the following results: detection of small nodular BCs (≤10 mm) – 41 of 52 (78.85%) and 48 of 52 (92.31%; p > 0.05), respectively; detection of BCs visible as asymmetric areas – 18 of 18 (100%) and 13 of 18 (72.2%; p > 0.05), respectively; detection of only partially visible masses – 15 of 18 (83.3%) and 17 of 18 (94.4%; p > 0.05); detection of lesions poorly visible or invisible on standard mammography images due to the high density background (C-D types according to the ACR 2013 classification) – 9 of 16 (56.3%) and 7 of 16 (70.0%; p = 0.046). Total detection rate was 88.76% (316 of 356 cases) – for CAD I and 90.73% (323 of 356 cases; р > 0.05) – for CAD II. Mean false positive marks rate was 1.8 and 1.3 per image, respectively, – for ACR А-В images and 2.6 and 1.8 per image, respectively – for ACR C-D images (p < 0.05).Conclusion. Generally the diagnostic value of CAD II is not inferior that of CAD I in all analyzed situations, except the poorly visible or invisible lesions on the dense breast background. Moreover, CAD II is probably superior CAD I in the detection of spiculated small masses. The rate of false positive marks was significantly higher for CAD I.Цель исследования: сравнительная оценка эффективности работы систем компьютерного анализа (CAD) I и II поколений собственной разработки на обширной базе неотобранных маммографических изображений, полученных в условиях рутинной клинической практики.Материал и методы. Обе системы были протестированы на наборе из 1532 маммограмм 356 пациенток с верифицированным раком молочной железы (РМЖ) на способность обнаруживать подозрительные области с различными характеристиками на маммограммах различной степени плотности. Размер образований, соответствовавших РМЖ, варьировал от 4 до 35 мм (средний – 13,4 ± 6,3 мм). Исключали случаи РМЖ, проявлявшиеся только в виде скоплений микрокальцинатов, поскольку данная задача решается с использованием отдельного универсального блока.Результаты. При использовании систем I и II поколения были получены следующие результаты соответственно: обнаружение малых раков (до 10 мм) с очаговым ростом – 41 (78,85%) из 52 и 48 (92,31%; p > 0,05) из 52; обнаружение РМЖ, проявляющегося в виде асимметрии, – 18 (100%) из 18 и 13 (72,2%; p > 0,05) из 18; обнаружение частично срезанных образований – 15 (83,3%) из 18 и 17 (94,4%; p > 0,05) из 18; обнаружение образований, плохо видимых или вообще невидимых на стандартных маммограммах ввиду плотной паренхимы МЖ (типы C-D согласно ACR 2013), – 9 (56,3%) из 16 и 7 (70,0%; p = 0,046) из 16. Общая частота обнаружения подозрительных образований составила 88,76% (316 из 356 случаев) – для CAD I и 90,73% (323 из 356 случаев; р>0,05) – для CAD II. Частота ложноположительных меток составила в среднем 1,8 и 1,3 соответственно на маммограмму при типах ACR А–В и 2,6 и 1,8 соответственно – при типах ACR C–D (p < 0,05).Выводы. Эффективность CAD II сравнима с таковой CAD I во всех ситуациях, за исключением выявления плохо видимых и невидимых образований вследствие плотной паренхимы МЖ. Кроме того, CAD II, вероятно, превосходит CAD I в выявлении спикулизированных образований малых размеров. Частота ложноположительных меток при использовании CAD I была достоверно выше

Measurement of Production Properties of Positively Charged Kaons in Proton-Carbon Interactions at 31 GeV/c

Spectra of positively charged kaons in p+C interactions at 31 GeV/c were measured with the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. The analysis is based on the full set of data collected in 2007 with a graphite target with a thickness of 4% of a nuclear interaction length. Interaction cross sections and charged pion spectra were already measured using the same set of data. These new measurements in combination with the published ones are required to improve predictions of the neutrino flux for the T2K long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan. In particular, the knowledge of kaon production is crucial for precisely predicting the intrinsic electron neutrino component and the high energy tail of the T2K beam. The results are presented as a function of laboratory momentum in 2 intervals of the laboratory polar angle covering the range from 20 up to 240 mrad. The kaon spectra are compared with predictions of several hadron production models. Using the published pion results and the new kaon data, the K+/\pi+ ratios are computed.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figure

Measurements of π±\pi^\pm, K±^\pm, p and pˉ\bar{\textrm{p}} spectra in proton-proton interactions at 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c with the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS

Measurements of inclusive spectra and mean multiplicities of $\pi^\pm$, K$^\pm$, p and $\bar{\textrm{p}}$ produced in inelastic p+p interactions at incident projectile momenta of 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c ($\sqrt{s} =$ 6.3, 7.7, 8.8, 12.3 and 17.3 GeV, respectively) were performed at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron using the large acceptance NA61/SHINE hadron spectrometer. Spectra are presented as function of rapidity and transverse momentum and are compared to predictions of current models. The measurements serve as the baseline in the NA61/SHINE study of the properties of the onset of deconfinement and search for the critical point of strongly interacting matter

Measurements of π±\pi^\pm, K±K^\pm, KS0K^0_S, Λ\Lambda and proton production in proton-carbon interactions at 31 GeV/cc with the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS

Measurements of hadron production in p+C interactions at 31 GeV/c are performed using the NA61/ SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. The analysis is based on the full set of data collected in 2009 using a graphite target with a thickness of 4% of a nuclear interaction length. Inelastic and production cross sections as well as spectra of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, p, $K^0_S$ and $\Lambda$ are measured with high precision. These measurements are essential for improved calculations of the initial neutrino fluxes in the T2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan. A comparison of the NA61/SHINE measurements with predictions of several hadroproduction models is presented.Comment: v1 corresponds to the preprint CERN-PH-EP-2015-278; v2 matches the final published versio

Multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations in inelastic proton-proton interactions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron

Measurements of multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations of charged particles were performed in inelastic p+p interactions at 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c beam momentum. Results for the scaled variance of the multiplicity distribution and for three strongly intensive measures of multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations \$\Delta[P_{T},N]\$, \$\Sigma[P_{T},N]\$ and \$\Phi_{p_T}\$ are presented. For the first time the results on fluctuations are fully corrected for experimental biases. The results on multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations significantly deviate from expectations for the independent particle production. They also depend on charges of selected hadrons. The string-resonance Monte Carlo models EPOS and UrQMD do not describe the data. The scaled variance of multiplicity fluctuations is significantly higher in inelastic p+p interactions than in central Pb+Pb collisions measured by NA49 at the same energy per nucleon. This is in qualitative disagreement with the predictions of the Wounded Nucleon Model. Within the statistical framework the enhanced multiplicity fluctuations in inelastic p+p interactions can be interpreted as due to event-by-event fluctuations of the fireball energy and/or volume.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figure