70 research outputs found

    Bowhead and Beluga Whale Distributions, Sighting Rates, and Habitat Associations in the Western Beaufort Sea in Summer and Fall 2009–16, with Comparison to 1982–91

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    We analyzed data from line-transect aerial surveys for marine mammals conducted in the western Beaufort Sea (shore to 72˚ N, 140˚–157˚ W) from July to October of 2009–16 to investigate the distribution, behaviors, sighting rates, and habitat use preferences of bowhead and beluga whales. The habitat use data allowed for direct comparison with data collected in the same area from 1982 to 1991. Both species are ice-adapted, migrating through leads in sea ice in spring, and are seasonal inhabitants of the western Beaufort Sea during summer and fall. From 2009 to 2016, bowheads were seen in all survey months, with the highest overall sighting rate (whales per km) in August. Bowhead sighting rates were highest in the whales’ preferred habitats: outer shelf habitat (51–200 m depth) in July and inner shelf-shallow habitat (≀ 20 m depth) in August, September, and October. Beluga whales were also seen in all survey months, with highest overall sighting rate in July. Beluga whales were overwhelmingly associated with continental slope habitat (201–2000 m depth) in all months. Bowhead distribution and depth preferences in summer months of 2009–16 differed from those observed in 1982–91, when bowheads were not seen during limited survey effort in July and preferred outer continental shelf habitat in August. These differences indicate that bowhead whale preference for shallow shelf habitat now occurs earlier in summer than it used to. Beluga distribution and depth preference remained similar between 1982–91 and 2009–16, with strong preference for continental slope during both periods. Differences in sea ice cover habitat association for both species are likely due more to the relative lack of sea ice in recent years compared to the earlier period than to shifts in habitat preference. Habitat partitioning between bowhead and beluga whales in the western Beaufort Sea remained evident except in July, when both species used continental slope habitat. In July – October 2009–16, the distribution, sighting rates, and behavior of both bowheads and belugas in the western Beaufort showed considerable interannual variation, which underscores the importance of annual sampling to accurate records of the complex western Beaufort Sea ecosystem.Nous avons analysĂ© les donnĂ©es dĂ©coulant de levĂ©s aĂ©riens de transects linĂ©aires pour mammifĂšres marins, levĂ©s effectuĂ©s dans l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort (de la rive jusqu’à 72˚ N, et de 140˚ jusqu’à 157˚ O) de juillet Ă  octobre 2009 Ă  2016. Ces levĂ©s avaient pour but d’étudier la distribution, les comportements, les taux d’observation ainsi que les prĂ©fĂ©rences d’utilisation de l’habitat des baleines borĂ©ales et des bĂ©lugas. Les donnĂ©es relatives Ă  l’utilisation de l’habitat ont permis d’établir des comparaisons directes avec les donnĂ©es recueillies dans le mĂȘme secteur de 1982 Ă  1991. Ces deux espĂšces sont adaptĂ©es Ă  la glace, migrent par des chenaux formĂ©s dans la glace de mer au printemps et sont des habitants saisonniers de l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort pendant l’étĂ© et l’automne. Entre 2009 et 2016, des baleines borĂ©ales ont Ă©tĂ© aperçues pendant tous les mois visĂ©s par les levĂ©s, le taux d’observation gĂ©nĂ©ral le plus Ă©levĂ© (nombre de baleines par km) ayant Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ© au mois d’aoĂ»t. Les taux d’observation des baleines borĂ©ales Ă©taient les plus Ă©levĂ©s dans les habitats prĂ©fĂ©rĂ©s de ces baleines, soit l’habitat de la plateforme externe (de 51 m Ă  200 m de profondeur) en juillet et l’habitat de la plateforme interne peu profonde (≀ 20 m de profondeur) en aoĂ»t, en septembre et en octobre. Des bĂ©lugas ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© aperçus pendant tous les mois visĂ©s par les levĂ©s, le taux d’observation gĂ©nĂ©ral le plus Ă©levĂ© ayant Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ© en juillet. Les bĂ©lugas Ă©taient massivement associĂ©s Ă  l’habitat de la pente continentale (de 201 m Ă  2 000 m de profondeur) pendant tous les mois. La distribution et les prĂ©fĂ©rences de profondeur des baleines borĂ©ales pendant les mois d’étĂ© 2009 Ă  2016 diffĂ©raient de celles observĂ©es de 1982 Ă  1991, lorsque les baleines borĂ©ales n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© aperçues dans le cadre des quelques levĂ©s qui ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s en juillet et prĂ©fĂ©raient leur habitat de la plateforme continentale externe en aoĂ»t. Ces diffĂ©rences indiquent que la prĂ©fĂ©rence des baleines borĂ©ales pour l’habitat de la plateforme peu profonde se manifeste maintenant plus tĂŽt l’étĂ© qu’auparavant. De 1982 Ă  1991 et de 2009 Ă  2016, la distribution des bĂ©lugas et leur prĂ©fĂ©rence de profondeur sont restĂ©es semblables, avec une prĂ©fĂ©rence marquĂ©e pour la pente continentale pendant les deux pĂ©riodes. Pour les deux espĂšces, les diffĂ©rences sur le plan de l’association de la couverture de glace marine sont vraisemblablement davantage attribuables au manque relatif de glace de mer ces derniĂšres annĂ©es comparativement Ă  la pĂ©riode prĂ©cĂ©dente plutĂŽt qu’à une variation de la prĂ©fĂ©rence de l’habitat. Dans l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort, la sĂ©paration de l’habitat entre les baleines borĂ©ales et les bĂ©lugas demeurait Ă©vidente, sauf en juillet, quand les deux espĂšces utilisaient l’habitat de la pente continentale. De juillet Ă  octobre 2009 Ă  2016, la distribution, les taux d’observation et le comportement des baleines borĂ©ales et des bĂ©lugas dans l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort ont affichĂ© une variation considĂ©rable d’une annĂ©e Ă  l’autre, ce qui fait ressortir l’importance de faire des Ă©chantillonnages annuels afin d’obtenir des donnĂ©es prĂ©cises au sujet de l’écosystĂšme complexe de l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort

    Investment Promotion and Protection in the Canada-UK Trade Relationship

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    Two-particle transverse momentum correlations in pp and p-Pb collisions at LHC energies

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    Inclusive photon production at forward rapidities in pp and p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02\sqrt{{{s}}_{\textrm{NN}}}={5.02} TeV

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    International audienceA study of multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of inclusive photons measured in pp and p–Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collision of sNN = 5.02\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}~=~5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector in the forward pseudorapidity region 2.3 < ηlab <<~\eta _\textrm{lab} ~< 3.9 is presented. Measurements in p–Pb collisions are reported for two beam configurations in which the directions of the proton and lead ion beam were reversed. The pseudorapidity distributions in p–Pb collisions are obtained for seven centrality classes which are defined based on different event activity estimators, i.e., the charged-particle multiplicity measured at midrapidity as well as the energy deposited in a calorimeter at beam rapidity. The inclusive photon multiplicity distributions for both pp and p–Pb collisions are described by double negative binomial distributions. The pseudorapidity distributions of inclusive photons are compared to those of charged particles at midrapidity in pp collisions and for different centrality classes in p–Pb collisions. The results are compared to predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators. None of the generators considered in this paper reproduces the inclusive photon multiplicity distributions in the reported multiplicity range. The pseudorapidity distributions are, however, better described by the same generators

    Pseudorapidity densities of charged particles with transverse momentum thresholds in pp collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 5.02 and 13 TeV

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    Energy dependence of coherent photonuclear production of J/ψ mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at sNN \sqrt{{\textrm{s}}_{\textrm{NN}}} = 5.02 TeV

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    International audienceThe cross section for coherent photonuclear production of J/ψ is presented as a function of the electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) of Pb. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN \sqrt{{\textrm{s}}_{\textrm{NN}}} = 5.02 TeV. Cross sections are presented in five different J/ψ rapidity ranges within |y| < 4, with the J/ψ reconstructed via its dilepton decay channels. In some events the J/ψ is not accompanied by EMD, while other events do produce neutrons from EMD at beam rapidities either in one or the other beam direction, or in both. The cross sections in a given rapidity range and for different configurations of neutrons from EMD allow for the extraction of the energy dependence of this process in the range 17 < WÎłPb,n_{Îł Pb,n} < 920 GeV, where WÎłPb,n_{Îł Pb,n} is the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon of the ÎłPb system. This range corresponds to a Bjorken-x interval spanning about three orders of magnitude: 1.1 × 10−5^{−5} < x < 3.3 × 10−2^{−2}. In addition to the ultra-peripheral and photonuclear cross sections, the nuclear suppression factor is obtained. These measurements point to a strong depletion of the gluon distribution in Pb nuclei over a broad, previously unexplored, energy range. These results, together with previous ALICE measurements, provide unprecedented information to probe quantum chromodynamics at high energies.[graphic not available: see fulltext
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