Intestinal inflammatory profile evaluation in C57BL/6J mice after a short period of high-fat diet consumption

Orientadores: Dennys Esper Cintra, Rodrigo Miguel MarinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências AplicadasResumo: Introdução: A inflamação crônica de baixo grau é um dos principais mecanismos envolvidos na gênese da obesidade e a redução na função da barreira intestinal, também ocasionada por esse tipo de inflamação pode contribuir com a perpetuação do estado de obesidade. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil inflamatório intestinal em curto período de consumo de dieta rica em gordura predominantemente saturada, ou na presença de ácidos graxos ômega-3. Materiais e métodos: Camundongos C57BL/6J machos, com seis semanas de idade, foram expostos à dieta padrão (CT) ou dieta hiperlipídica (35% da composição) (HF) ou dieta hiperlipídica com conteúdo de 10% da fração de banha substituída por óleo de linhaça (HF+FS) rico em ômega 3 do tipo alfa-linolênico, durante três, sete ou quatorze dias. Após cada período de tratamento foram realizados testes de glicemia de jejum e tolerância à insulina. O íleo distal foi removido para análises em qPCR real-time para os genes Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF'alfa'); Interleucinas 1ß, 6 e 10 (IL-1 ß, IL6 e IL10); receptores 120 e 40 acoplados à proteína G (GPR120 e GPR40); Claudina 7 (Cldn 7) e Zona Ocludente 1 (ZO-1). Análises de variância (ANOVA) seguida pelo teste de significância de Tukey mostram-se significativos quando P<0,05. Resultados: Ao final de cada período experimental, todos os grupos apresentaram ganho de peso, contudo, após três dias de consumo apenas o grupo HF apresentou aumento significativo da massa do tecido adiposo epididimal (p=0,007). Em relação à glicemia de jejum, houve aumento dos níveis após três dias para ambos os grupos em consumo de dieta hiperlipídica (p<0,0001). Entretanto, após sete dias apenas o grupo HF manteve altos níveis de glicemia (p=0,0002) e o grupo HF+FS apresentou redução significativa quando comparado ao grupo HF (p=0,0002). Ao longo dos curtos períodos de consumo das dietas hiperlipídicas a sensibilidade à insulina não foi alterada. Entretanto, interessantemente, após quatorze dias de ingestão os animais HF+FS em teste de tolerância à insulina apresentou maior taxa de remoção de glicose, quando comparado ao grupo Ctl e ao grupo HF (p<0,05). Nos resultados de PCR real time, observou-se alterações em diferentes marcadores inflamatórios de acordo com o tempo de consumo e o tipo da dieta hiperlipídica. Após três dias, os níveis de IL10 reduziram em ambos os grupos HF (p<0,0001) e HF+FS (p<0,005). Com sete dias de consumo houve considerável redução dos transcritos de TNF'alfa' nos grupos HF e HF+FS (p=0,0009), o que pode ser uma resposta natural do sistema imune inato frente ao estímulo inflamatório da gordura saturada presente nas dietas. É possível que o ômega 3 presente na dieta HF+FS tenha protegido do aumento dos níveis de IL1ß no íleo distal, uma vez que apenas o grupo HF apresentou aumento progressivo nos níveis de IL1ß a partir de sete (p=0,02) até quatorze (p=0,003) dias de tratamento. Curiosamente, ao final de quatorze dias de ingestão, o grupo HF+FS apresentou redução nas quantidades de IL1ß (p<0,05) e aumento de IL6 (p=0,03) quando comparadas ao grupo HF. Em relação às quantidades gênicas dos receptores de ácidos graxos no intestino distal, observaram-se diferenças no GPR40 tanto no grupo HF quanto no grupo HF+FS apenas após sete dias de consumo das dietas (p<0,0001). A expressão gênica de moléculas participantes do mecanismo de adesão celular ZO-1 e Cldn7 também apresentaram variações durante curto período de consumo de dietas hiperlipídicas. Verificou-se aumento do conteúdo gênico da ZO1 apenas após três dias de consumo no grupo HF (p<0,05), e após três (p<0,001) e sete (p<0,001) dias no grupo HF+FS. Já a Cldn7 sofreu redução do seu conteúdo gênico apenas após três dias de consumo em ambos os grupos HF e HF+FS (p<0,05). Conclusão: Por fim, um curto período de consumo de dieta rica em gordura foi capaz de alterar marcadores de inflamação aguda em íleo distal e o consumo do óleo rico em ácido graxo alfa-linolênico parece atenuar essas respostas além de contribuir com aumento de genes da proteína ZO1, importante no controle de permeabilidade, nos períodos iniciais de exposição à dieta hiperlipídicaAbstract: Introduction: Low-grade chronic inflammation is one of the main mechanisms involved in the genesis of obesity and the reduction in intestinal barrier function, also caused by this type of inflammation, may contribute to the perpetuation of the obesity state. Objective: To characterize the inflammatory profile in the short period of consumption of a diet rich in fat predominantly saturated, or in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids. Materials and methods: C57BL / 6J male mice at 4 weeks-age were exposed to the standard diet (CT) or hyperlipid diet (35% of composition) or a hyperlipid diet containing 10% of the lard fraction replaced with flaxseed oil rich in alpha-linolenic free fatty acid, that is an omega 3 type (HF+FS) for three, seven or fourteen days. After each treatment period, tests of fasting glucose and insulin tolerance were performed. The distal ileum was removed for analyzes in qPCR real-time for Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF'alpha') genes; Interleukins 1ß, 6 and 10 (IL-1ß, IL6 and IL10); receptors 120 and 40 coupled to G protein (GPR120 and GPR40); Claudine 7 (Cldn 7) and Zonula ocludens-1 (ZO-1). Analysis of variance followed Tukey¿s test were used and P<0,05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: At the end of each experimental period, all groups presented weight gain, however, after three days of consumption only the HF group showed a significant increase in the mass of the epididymal adipose tissue (p=0,007). In relation to fasting glycemia, there was an increase in levels after three days for both groups in hyperlipidic diet consumption (p<0,0001). However, after seven days only the HF group maintained high blood glucose levels (p=0,0002) and the HF+FS group presented a significant reduction when compared to the HF group (p=0,0002). During the short periods of consumption of the hyperlipidic diets the insulin sensitivity was not altered. Interestingly, after fourteen days of ingestion, the HF+FS animals in the insulin tolerance test had a higher rate of glucose removal when compared to the Ctl group and the HF group (p <0,05). In the real-time PCR results, changes in different inflammatory markers were observed according to the time of consumption and the type of the hyperlipidic diet. After three days, IL10 levels decreased in both HF (p<0,0001) and HF+FS (p<0,005) groups. At seven days of consumption, there was a considerable reduction of TNF? transcripts in the HF and HF+ FS groups (p = 0.0009), which may be a natural response of the innate immune system caused for an inflammatory stimulus of the saturated fat present in the diets. It is possible that the omega-3 present in the HF+ FS diet were protected from increased levels of IL-1ß in the distal ileum, because only the HF group showed the progressive increase in IL-1ß levels from seven (p = 0.02) to fourteen (p = 0.003) days of treatment. Interestingly, at the end of fourteen days of ingestion, the HF+FS group presented a reduction in the amounts of IL1ß (p<0,05) and an increase in IL6 (p=0,03) when compared to the HF group. In relation to the amount of the fatty acid receptors in the distal intestine, differences in GPR40 were observed both in the HF group and in the HF+FS group only after seven days of diet consumption (p<0,0001).The gene expression of molecules participating in the ZO-1 and Cldn7 cell adhesion mechanism also showed variations during a short period of consumption of hyperlipidic diets. Upregulation of ZO1 was observed only after three days of consumption in the HF group (p<0,05), and after three (p<0,001) and seven (p<0,001) days in the HF+FS group. On the other hand, Cldn7 underwent downregulation only after three days of consumption in both HF and HF+FS groups (p<0,05). Conclusion: Finally, a short period of consumption of a high-fat diet was able to change markers of acute inflammation in the distal ileum, and the consumption of the oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid seems to attenuate these responses in addition to contributing to the increase of ZO1 genes , important in the control of permeability, in the initial periods of exposure to the hyperlipidic dietMestradoNutriçãoMestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo1506362CAPE

Melhorar a Literacia em Saúde: Checklist para a gestão da obesidade em adultos, em cuidados de saúde primários

A obesidade é uma doença crónica complexa, constituindo um problema de Saúde Pública nacional e mundial. Os cuidados de saúde primários são um contexto importante no processo de gestão da obesidade, quer ao nível da prevenção como do tratamento. No entanto, muitas vezes essa gestão não é realizada eficazmente, quer por falta de tempo como por falta de treino, ferramentas, confiança e até mesmo desconforto por parte dos profissionais de saúde em relação ao tema. A utilização de guias de orientação e atuação que estruturem a atuação dos profissionais de saúde, é um elemento facilitador e produtivo para iniciar e manter uma conversação eficaz acerca da gestão do peso, constituindo um elemento de suporte na prestação de cuidados. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma checklist para a gestão da obesidade em adultos, em contexto de cuidados de saúde primários. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica para contextualizar o fenómeno da obesidade, as suas implicações na saúde das pessoas e o papel da literacia em saúde neste domínio. A construção da checklist baseou-se no modelo dos 5As para a obesidade, desenvolvido pela organização canadiana Obesity Canada, tendo sido realizada a tradução seguida de retroversão. Após adaptação para a população portuguesa, foi realizado um estudo exploratório com amostra por conveniência e análise através de grupo focal. Resultados demonstram a utilidade da checklist, constituindo uma forma simples, prática e estandardizada de atuação, promovendo a literacia em saúde através de uma maior capacitação dos profissionais de saúde.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mobilidade sustentável: participação e governança para a transição

The developments of recent years regarding climate change and dependence on fossil fuels affect not only the planet as such, but the coexistence of all of us - also in cities. Many strategies have already been developed in this regard and many measures for different areas of application have been implemented or launched. In some areas, this effort has already been highly successful, while in other areas a trend reversal is only very selectively recognisable - if at all. In most cases, however, energy consumption is still rising, as are CO2 emissions. Unfortunately, transport is one of those areas that has not yet been tackled. And this also applies to urban traffic. While alternative forms of propulsion are being explored and huge amounts of money are being invested in renewing fleets, approaches to behavioural change or the economical use of energy are rather a poor relation when it comes to improving the quality of life in cities. The distances travelled in cities by cars (whether combustion or electric) are often relatively short, and studies have shown that only a small number of journeys require the use of a car (transport of heavy goods, no acceptable connections with PT, etc.). The potential for switching to public transport is enormous and at least equally large, but completely underestimated is that of cycling or walking. But why is it so difficult to get people to switch from cars? The advantages are obvious, everyone knows the arguments. And yet traffic problems are rarely discussed rationally. Public debats are following much more often a purely emotional judgment by citizens and journalists that prevents decision makers from implementing an intelligent and sustainable urban transport policy. Politicians and decision-makers, however, only see the loud screamers and overestimate destructive, negative statements in social media. They often fear committing political suicide when advocating for a fairer distribution of public space in cities. But that is precisely the point. The unfair distribution of public space must be changed in favour of increasing the quality of life for all. And the privileges that car traffic has claimed for itself in recent decades must be dismantled. On the one hand, it is necessary to increase the knowledge and awareness of all those involved. The position of politicians, decision makers and multipliers such as journalists in the process of taking what may be, at first glance, unpopular, but which are in fact rational and sustainable decisions to manage sustainable transport should be strengthened. Therefore, a push&pull approach is to be aimed at. „Push back“ unwanted behaviour and „pull“, i.e. encourage walking, cycling or the use of public transport. A pure policy of promoting alternatives without also limiting the rampant car traffic unfortunately does not lead to a switch. Citizen participation processes, as they have been increasingly applied in recent years, are a good approach to increase the acceptance of transport policy goals. However, they are less suitable for discussing individual measures. The risk is too high that those directly affected will vote against individual measures, even though they would agree with the associated transport policy objectives, simply because these measures may reduce their comfort or have other perceived disadvantages in their own area of action or residential environment. The overarching relationships between transport policy goals, strategies and individual measures are often not easy to explain, if fears prevail that the overall situation could deteriorate for individuals (even if it means an improvement for the majority of the population). It is a pious hope that public participation in the preparation of measures will always lead to the desired result. The compromise solutions are often too watered down, so that none of the parties involved are happy with them. On should have in mind: It is not possible to please everyone, and it will not be possible to persuade die-hard motorists to switch voluntarily anyway. What almost always works, however, and can therefore be recommended as a strategy, is to offer the population the opportunity to experience public space in a new way and to have positive experiences with it. People often cannot imagine how a square or a street looks to them if you are not in danger of being run over or if it is not full of cars, so when children have space to play in the street for once and don't have to resign themselves to a cramped, protected space that is often even further away from the home, or when people sojourn, meet, talk, eat and drink in streets and squares and don't just experience these spaces as traffic routes to get from point A to point B. That's why approaches like the Living Streets in Belgium or the European Mobility Week in September with the car Free day on 22 September are a great opportunity to experience new uses, at least temporarily, to test new behaviour and to loosen rigid, entrenched framework conditions. Whether it's schoolchildren (and their parents) using the pedi-bus to test what it's like to walk to school, or employees experiencing that cycling to work doesn't mean a loss of time, or business owners realising that it's not only customers who come by car who bring in the main revenue - all of these are a great opportunity to experience new uses, at least temporarily. And all this is possible and desired during European Mobility Week. Braga has recognised that and has created a comprehensive programme, which also includes discussion rounds and at additionally implemented the End-Of-Summer-University, whose collection of abstracts and contributions the reader can find herewith. Compared to many other cities, Braga has not been afraid to hear also critical voices. It is therefore not surprising that Braga, with all its efforts to influence mobility planning and travel behaviour, and thus acting as a game changer in urban mobility planning, took home the European Mobility Week Award this year. I would like to join the countless congratulations. Robert PresslCâmara Municipal de Braga(The chapter "A Trasition Agenda to Reinvent Braga" corresponds to a research that was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP (FCT)/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT-Portugal), grant number SFRH/BD/151416/2021, in the context of the doctoral thesis of Filipa Corais, with the title “THE CITY “WALKING” TO 2050. BRAGA AS A LABORATORY FOR A RESILIENT & SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM”

A prospective multicenter portuguese study

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This prospective multicentric study aiming to determine the incidence of complications (malignant transformation, torsion or rupture) during conservative management of adnexal masses was performed in two Portuguese tertiary referral hospitals. It included ≥18-year-old, non-pregnant patients with asymptomatic adnexal masses (associated IOTA ADNEX risk of malignancy < 10%) sonographically diagnosed between January 2016 and December 2020. Conservative patient management consisted of serial clinical and ultrasound assessment up to 60 months of follow-up, spontaneous resolution of the formation or surgical excision (median follow-up: 17.8; range 9–48 months). From the 573 masses monitored (328 premenopausal and 245 postmenopausal adnexal masses), no complications were observed in 99.5%. The annual lesion growth rates and increases in morphological complexity were similar in the premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. Spontaneous resolu-tion, evidenced in 16.4% of the patients, was more common in the premenopausal group (p < 0.05). Surgical intervention was performed in 18.4% of the cases; one borderline and one invasive FIGO IA stage cancer were diagnosed. There was an isolated case of ovary torsion (0.17%). These data support conservative management as a safe option for sonographically benign, stable and asymp-tomatic adnexal masses before and after menopause and highlight the need for expedite treatment of symptomatic or increased-morphological-complexity lesions.publishersversionpublishe

Classification of gasoline as with or without dispersant and detergent additives using infrared spectroscopy and multivariate classification

AbstractGasoline may contain additives which can minimize the amount of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere. Detergents and dispersants added to gasoline can reduce gas emissions towards atmosphere and the formation of deposits in engines. The Brazilian Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuel (ANP) has established that Brazilian commercial gasoline must contain detergent and dispersant additives, thus requiring the development of methods for their identification in commercial gasoline. This work proposes a methodology which uses infrared spectra in the medium and near region (MIR and NIR) of the residue of distillation for classification of gasoline samples into two groups: with or without detergent/dispersant additives. The performances of three types of classification methods were compared: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Different algorithms for selection of spectral variables for LDA were evaluated: stepwise (SW), genetic algorithm (GA) and successive projections algorithm (SPA). The best results were obtained using LDA/GA or SPA/LDA for MIR region

Face recognition in Service robotics: Analysis of the padding effect according to people age / Reconhecimento facial em robótica de serviço: análise do efeito de preenchimento de acordo com a idade das pessoas

Service robots usually perform repetitive tasks such as collecting garbage, cleaning the house, among others. This kind of robot needs different skills to perform its daily tasks, being people´s recognition a critical skill. One of the techniques used to improve face recognition is padding. The padding technique increases, by a given scale factor, the bounding box of a detected face. In previous work, we had presented a comparative analysis of the influence of the padding in the algorithm used for face recognition. This paper extends the previous analysis by considering the effect of various padding scale factors among different life stages (i.e., toddler, children, teenager, adult, senior, and golden oldie). The result of this analysis shows that increasing the bounding box of detected faces is less efficient for middle-aged people than for younger and elderly people

PRODUÇÃO DE SERAPILHEIRA EM FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL E EM PLANTIOS DE Pterogyne nitens Tull. e Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake NO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA

Leaf litter is a major component responsible for maintaining the productive capacity of forests; thus, knowledge on their production and composition can provide information to adjust management techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the monthly litter fall in a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and two pure forest plantations (Pterogyne nitens and e de Eucalyptus urophylla), located in city of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia state, as well as to analyze the influence of climatic factors in this production. Leaf litter samples were collected during ten months, using 0.25 m2 square collectors. The materials collected were screened (fractions: leaves, branches, bark and reproductive structures) and dried in a dry kiln at 60° C. The monthly average litter productions were 544.6, 522.6 and 179.5 kg ha-1 in areas of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens, respectively. The leaves represented an increasing proportion of litter in three coverages (65% of the total). The average monthly production of leaves was higher in native forest, followed by Eucalyptus urophylla and Pinus nitens. The contribution of branches was significantly lower in the Pinus nitens and did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla. The production of reproductive materials varied in the order: Eucalyptus urophylla &gt; Seasonal Semideciduous Forest &gt; Pinus nitens. The bark fraction did not vary between Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Pinus nitens, being higher in Eucalyptus urophylla. There was a significant negative correlation between total production and average air temperature in all studied coverage. Only on Pinus nitens were found significant associations with the litter production variables precipitation and wind speed. Eucalyptus urophylla forest and Seasonal Semideciduous Forest have similar aspects regarding leaf litter production, 67% higher than the production of Pinus nitens. The temporal variation of litter production of Pinus nitens shows up much more sensitive to the influence of climatic variables that Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Eucalyptus urophylla. The contribution of litter fractions followed the same order in all coverage studied:  leaves &gt; branches &gt; reproductive structures &gt; bark.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819614A serapilheira constitui um dos principais componentes responsáveis pela manutenção da capacidade produtiva de sítios florestais e, sendo assim, o conhecimento da sua produção e composição pode fornecer subsídios para adequação de técnicas de manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar mensalmente a serapilheira produzida em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (mata de cipó) e dois plantios florestais puros (de Pterogyne nitens e de Eucalyptus urophylla), localizados no município de Vitória da Conquista - BA, assim como analisar a influência de fatores climáticos nessa produção. As amostras da serapilheira foram coletadas durante dez meses, por meio de coletores quadrados com 0,25 m2. Os materiais coletados foram triados (frações: folhas, galhos, casca e estruturas reprodutivas) e secos em estufa a 60oC. As produções mensais médias de serapilheira foram de 544,6, 522,6 e 179,5 kg ha-1 nas áreas de mata de cipó, Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens, respectivamente. As folhas representaram maior proporção da serapilheira produzida nas três coberturas (65% do total). A produção mensal média de folhas foi superior na mata nativa, seguida do Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens. O aporte de galhos foi significativamente menor no povoamento de Pinus nitens e não variou entre mata de cipó e Eucalyptus urophylla. A produção de materiais reprodutivos variou na ordem: Eucalyptus urophylla &gt; mata de cipó &gt; Pinus nitens. A fração casca não variou entre mata de cipó e Pinus nitens, sendo superior no Eucalyptus urophylla. Em todas as coberturas estudadas verificou-se correlação significativa negativa entre produção total e temperatura média do ar. Apenas no plantio de Pinus nitens foram verificadas associações significativas do aporte de serapilheira com as variáveis precipitação e velocidade do vento. O Eucalyptus urophylla e a mata de cipó apresentam similaridade quanto à produção média de serapilheira, sendo cerca de 67% superior a produção de Pinus nitens. A variação temporal do aporte de serapilheira de Pinus nitens mostra-se bem mais sensível à influência de variáveis climáticas que a mata de cipó e o Eucalyptus urophylla. A contribuição das frações da serapilheira obedeceu a uma mesma ordem em todas as coberturas estudadas: folhas &gt; galhos &gt; estruturas reprodutivas &gt; cascas

Desafios de professores de Ciências e Biologia em início de carreira

Este artigo traz resultados de um estudo com professores em início de carreira, egressos recém-formados de uma universidade pública federal, que integra uma pesquisa de mestrado . A pesquisa foi realizada com onze professores iniciantes de Ciências e Biologia, que responderam a uma entrevista semi-estruturada sobre os desafios que enfrentam por estarem no início da carreira e sobre as contribuições da formação inicial e escola de atuação. Além disso, os docentes sugeriram estratégias para que o professor novato enfrente com menos dificuldades o início da carreira. Identificamos que existem muitos desafios nessa fase da carreira, como identificado nos estudos de Garcia (2011), e que esses podem ser decisivos para a continuidade na profissão

Critérios e instrumentos utilizados por professores dos Estágios Supervisionados Obrigatórios para avaliar licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas

O que moveu a presente pesquisa foi compreender os critérios e instrumentos de coleta de dados que professores de Estágio Supervisionado Obrigatório (ESO) utilizam para avaliar os licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas. Fundamentamo-nos na abordagem qualitativo-descritiva e definimos como campo de estudo o curso de Licenciatura Plena em Ciências Biológicas de uma universidade pública situada em Recife, Pernambuco. Os dados foram obtidos através dos planos de ensino e das entrevistas de três professoras do ESO. Para o tratamento dos dados, baseamo-nos nos princípios da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que ainda existem lacunas para o real cumprimento da avaliação dos licenciandos durante a formação profissional pedagógica e apontam para a necessidade de pensarmos na necessária formação dos professores formadores nas universidades