A direct comparison of metonymic and metaphoric relations in adjective–noun pairs

Theories on metaphor and metonymy make different claims about the nature of the underlying processes in the computation of these two types of language use, i.e., whether they differ or not. Experimental investigations of metonymy and metaphor have generally not compared these two phenomena in a straightforward manner among others due to structural variability. To overcome this shortcoming, we conducted a study in German that used adjective–noun combinations to contrast metaphor and metonymy directly in an ERP-study during reading for comprehension. By combining three different nouns with one adjective in predicative position we construed adjective–noun pairs with literal (the baby was lively), metonymic (the eyes were lively) or metaphoric (the speed was lively) relations. The data revealed a more pronounced N400 for the metaphoric relations in comparison to the literal controls. We argue that the enhanced cost for metaphors reflects the activation process of two unrelated domains via mapping or extended predication. The metonymic adjective–noun pairs only showed a small trend to differ from the other two conditions. This might indicate that metonymies require mapping processes or shifts only within a single domain or domain matrix. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, we did not find a Late Positivity. We explain this result with regard to different discourse representational consequences arising during combinatorial processing

Synthese und Untersuchungen zum Zyklisierungsverhalten von monomeren und dimeren Oroidin-Derivaten

Die Pyrrol-Imidazol-Alkaloide stellen eine Gruppe mariner Naturstoffe dar, deren faszinierende Strukturvielfalt, zur Zeit sind etwa 90 Derivate bekannt, durch Modifikation, Zyklisierung oder Dimerisierung eines einzigen Schlüsselbausteins, des Oroidins, erreicht wird. Um zu einem allgemeinen synthetischen Zugang zu einer Vielzahl von Pyrrol-Imidazol-Alkaloiden zu gelangen, ist die Erforschung der Reaktivität von Oroidin von zentraler Bedeutung. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Untersuchung von Bedingungen zur Dimerisierung des Oroidin-Grundkörpers. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Synthesen für die Oroidin-Derivate Sventrin und Dehydrooroidin, sowie einige Erkenntnisse zur Synthese des Oroidin-Dimeren Ageliferin beschrieben. Die Darstellung von kovalent verknüpften 2-Amino-5-alkenylimidazolen ermöglicht deren Einsatz als Modellverbindungen in Zyklisierungsstudien. Die Durchführung der ersten Diels-Alder-Reaktion an Oroidin zeigt zudem, dass der Naturstoff selbst in der Lage ist, Cycloadditionen einzugehen

Preserving a Comprehensive Vegetation Knowledge Base - An Evaluation of Four Historical Soviet Vegetation Maps of the Western Pamirs (Tajikistan)

Vanselow KA, Samimi C, Breckle S-W. Preserving a Comprehensive Vegetation Knowledge Base - An Evaluation of Four Historical Soviet Vegetation Maps of the Western Pamirs (Tajikistan). PLOS ONE. 2016;11(2): e0148930.We edited, redrew, and evaluated four unpublished historical vegetation maps of the Western Pamirs (Tajikistan) by the Soviet geobotanist Okmir E. Agakhanjanz. These maps cover an area of 5,188 km(2) and date from 1958 to 1960. The purpose of this article is to make the historic vegetation data available to the scientific community and thus preserve a hitherto non available and up to now neglected or forgotten data source with great potential for studies on vegetation and ecosystem response to global change. The original hand-drawn maps were scanned, georeferenced, and digitized and the corresponding land cover class was assigned to each polygon. The partly differing legends were harmonized and plant names updated. Furthermore, a digital elevation model and generalized additive models were used to calculate response curves of the land cover classes and to explore vegetation-topography relationships quantitatively. In total, 2,216 polygons belonging to 13 major land cover classes were included that are characterized by 252 different plant species. As such, the presented maps provide excellent comparison data for studies on vegetation and ecosystem change in an area that is deemed to be an important water tower in Central Asia

Unternehmenskommunikation zwischen Pohjanmaa und den deutschprachigen Ländern

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Yritysviestintä pohjalaismaakuntien ja saksankielisten maiden välillä

fi=vertaisarvioimaton|en=nonPeerReviewed

Fatty acid patterns during development of some therophytes from the plains near Kabul (Afghanistan)

Über das Verhalten der Fettsäuren der verseifbaren Lipide während des ganzen Entwicklungsganges von Therophyten sind uns keine Untersuchungen bekannt geworden, obwohl bei solchen Arten die Veränderungen im Stoffwechselgeschehen in kurzer Zeit ablaufen. Wir haben die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Lipidfraktion aus den drei Arten Diarthron vesiculosum, Scabiosa olivieri und Ziziphora tenuoi L. während deren Entwicklung von Anfang Mai bis Ende Juni analysiert. Das bereits bezüglich der morphologischen Parameter und der osmotischen Verhältnisse und hinsichtlich der Mineralstoffe und verschiedener organischer Inhaltsstoffe untersuchte Material der drei Therophytenarten aus der Steppe von Kabul bot sich zu derartigen Messungen an, zumal sich die Rohlipidfraktion bei den drei Arten unterschiedlich verhielt.The fatty acid composition of the saponifiable lipids of three therophytes Diarthron vesiculosum, Scabiosa olivieri, and Ziziphora tenuior from the plains near Kabul were investigated during development of the plants from the beginning of May until the end of June. In all three species, linolenic acid and hexadecenic acid contents decreased with increasing age. Ziziphora exhibited greatest irregularities of fatty acid pattern. This species succumbs most rapidly with the onset of drought in June. Scabiosa had a high lipid content and the most balanced fatty acid pattern; this species is also more drought tolerant. This ecological advantage is discussed in relation to lipid metabolism. Diarthron was intermediate between the two species in these characteristics

Boden und Vegetation: Definition, Verteilung und Bedeutung

Boden ist die dünne fruchtbare oberste Schicht der Erdkruste und ist daher für die Ernährung der Menschen unersetzlich. Aufgrund der gespeicherten Menge an Kohlenstoff ist der Boden für das globale Klima von sehr großer Bedeutung. Nach einer Beschreibung der Bedeutung und der Wechselwirkung Boden-Atmosphäre wird auf die Verteilung der Landfläche und Vegetation sowie auf Rodung, Artenverschiebung sowie andere Gefährdungen kurz eingegangen. Besonders ausführlich wird der Boden in Deutschland behandelt

Toxic effects of Pb2+ on the growth and mineral nutrition of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)

Although grasses are commonly used to revegetate sites contaminated with lead (Pb), little is known regarding the Pb-tolerance of many of these species. Using dilute solution culture to mimic the soil solution, the growth of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth cv. Pioneer) was related to the mean activity of Pb2+ {Pb2+} in solution. There was a 50% reduction in fresh mass of signal grass shoots at 5 mu M {Pb2+} and at 3 mu M {Pb2+} for the roots. Rhodes grass was considerably more sensitive to Pb in solution, with shoot and root fresh mass being reduced by 50% at 0.5 mu M {Pb2+}. The higher tolerance of signal grass to Pb appeared to result from the internal detoxification of Pb, rather than from the exclusion of Pb from the root. At toxic {Pb2+}, an interveinal chlorosis developed in the shoots of signal grass (possibly a Pb-induced Mn deficiency), whilst in Rhodes grass, Pb2+ caused a bending of the root tips and the formation of a swelling immediately behind some of the root apices. Root hair growth did not appear to be reduced by Pb2+ in solution, being prolific at all {Pb2+} in both species

Vegetation‐hydrology dynamics in complex terrain of semiarid areas: 2. Energy‐water controls of vegetation spatiotemporal dynamics and topographic niches of favorability

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95632/1/wrcr11124.pd