Um modelo em programação linear para garantia do rendimento sustentado em pequena propriedade na floresta tropical

Este trabalho teve a finalidade principal de apresentar um modelo matemático que auxilia no planejamento e distribuição dos talhões em uma pequena propriedade da floresta tropical. Existe a necessidade da garantia de um fluxo constante de madeira com potencial comercial para a viabilidade da pequena propriedade e isto nem sempre é possível devido aos talhões serem pequenos e principalmente a distribuição das espécies de interesse na floresta nativa ser irregular pelos ecossistemas heterogêneos e variedade de tipologias florestais que formam um complexo mosaico. Isto só pode ser feito com a maximização dos produtos madeireiros encontrados na floresta. O modelo matemático resultou em um novo conceito de talhão. O modelo de talhão proposto considera de todas as indicações técnicas que a pesquisa científica já alcançou para um manejo da floresta tropical sustentável, acrescidas de um processo de sub compartimentalização dos talhões para garantia de renda anual constante em pequena propriedade florestal. Baseado no inventário pré-exploratório, os talhões foram subdivididos em compartimentos onde serão consideradas características diferenciais tais como: espécie, volume por espécie, abundância, possibilidade de mercado, e principalmente o valor final de cada sub talhão. Como a taxa anual máxima já está definida junto ao IBAMA baseada em estudos anteriores locais e regionais, a meta agora é garantir que esta taxa, transformada em valor monetário, realmente possa ser alcançada. Como já foi esclarecido acima isto é sempre dificultado pelo potencial heterogêneo dos talhões. O modelo matemático utilizou a PM(programação por metas) que se faz necessária na seleção dos sub-talhões combinando-os e unindo-os em uma área final equivalente ao valor do compartimento anual original. Este modelo ao mesmo tempo que organiza novos talhões, informa a taxa de extração anual e sua possível renda e limita a área do compartimento a ser explorado. Isto se faz necessário para garantia da regeneração do compartimento no ciclo de corte previsto. No caso deste trabalho a meta são rendas anuais em torno de US$2000,00 (potencial sustentável da floresta já calculado), durante um período de 10 anos. Nossas metas anuais portanto não podiam ser fixas, mas flexíveis. Para isso utilizou os recursos de desvios de excesso ou de falta, minimizando-os. Posteriormente comparou-se o modelo proposto de talhão com os talhões normalmente utilizados em floresta tropical. Como resultado o modelo proposto mostrou-se bastante superior ao formal e garantiu sobremaneira o rendimento anual equilibrado para o pequeno proprietário. Utilizando-se os talhões formais, 70$ 2000,00 por ano e estes valores encontram-se em média 38% abaixo deste valor pretendido e portanto muito abaixo da capacidade da floresta. Já para o talhão proposto, o déficit médio encontrado foi de 1,9 % para o valor pretendido de US$2000,00 ou seja praticamente negligenciáveis em comparação com o modelo anterior. O modelo facilita o planejamento anual de extração na pequena propriedade e é ideal para otimização da produção madeireira em condições semelhantes da floresta tropical

Idade das árvores e suas aplicações

A existência e o uso dos anéis de crescimento de árvores para contagemdos anos e avaliação do clima, entre outros, já foi objeto de observação há séculos. Para a ciência florestal e também para a ecologia, a importância de se estimar a idade de uma árvore é de enorme relevância. Essas informações podem determinar, por exemplo, o ciclo de corte de determinada espécie, o melhor regime de desbastes e com isso poder estimar uma exploração sustentável, entre muitas outras utilidades

IS IT FORBIDDEN THE WOOD USE OF Araucaria angustifolia? AN ANALYSIS ON THE CURRENT LEGAL BUDGET

The objective of this work was to analyze the legal arrangements on a very complex theme in the forest sector: the use of a species threatened with extinction, araucaria. After years of intense deforestation, linked to the country's economic growth, after 1960 decade, it was edited an array of regulations aimed to control the forest use through strict laws and expansion of the environmental bureaucracy. In 2014, MMA Decree 443, araucaria was included in the danger category, restricting any timber use, including the ones gathered under forest management. The justification for this inclusion comes from the population reduction, deforestation and logging. Regarding the justification of its inclusion, it is important to note the non-disclosure of official data, an obligation of the State, on the remaining area and number of individuals. Decree 443 collides with the Brazilian forest low removing rights, as forest management, not established by Law number 12.651 of 2012. It also defies the Complementary Law 140 which establishes reports and technical-scientific studies for framing the listed species. Nor does it comply with the steps required in article 5º MMA Decree 43, which precedes Decree 443. By analyzing the regulations regarding the araucaria and its commercial use: there is no law prohibiting the use, through management and planting; what exists are Decrees and resolutions. Whoever is in the messianic right to forbid the cutting of the species, subsidizes itself in Decrees and resolutions. Moreover, who believes they have the right to cut it, is not aware of the legislation

Ajuste de relação hipsométrica para espécies da Floresta AmazônicaAdjustment of the hypsometric relationship for species of Amazon Forest

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo testar e selecionar modelos para ajuste da relação hipsométrica. Os dados foram obtidos de floresta nativa situada no município de Lábrea, no estado do Amazonas, com área de 6.000 hectares, inserida no Projeto de Manejo Florestal Seringal Iracema II. Foram testados dez modelos, incluindo polinômios, modelos de potência, logarítmicos, hiperbólicos, aritméticos e não lineares. Os não lineares foram ajustados pelo método de Gauss. Utilizaram-se como critério de seleção do ajuste dos modelos os parâmetros estatísticos do coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj.), o erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%), o coeficiente de variação (CV%), o valor de F e a análise gráfica dos resíduos. As melhores estatísticas foram para os modelos não lineares com R² aj. de 0,97 e erro padrão de 13,1% e o modelo hiperbólico com R²aj. 0,90 e erro padrão de 6,02%, devido a sua fundamentação biológica, demonstrando superioridade destes modelos contra os modelos lineares.Abstract This study aimed to test and select models to fit the hypsometric relation. Data were obtained from native forest situated in the Municipality of Lábrea, Amazonas State, with an area of 6.000 hectares, included in Forest Management Project Iracema Rubber II. We tested 10 models, including polynomial models, power, and logarithmic, hyperbolic, and non-linear arithmetic. The non-linear were adjusted by the method of Gauss. It was used as a criterion for selecting the adjustment of the models the statistical parameters of the coefficient of determination (R²adj.), the standard error of estimate (Syx%), the coefficient of variation (CV%), the value of F and graphical residual analysis. The best statistics were for models with nonlinear with R² aj . of 0.97 and standard of 13,1%, and the hyperbolic model with R²aj . of 0.90 and standard of 6,02%, due to its biological foundation, demonstrating the superiority of these models against linear models

Thinning simulation in Hovenia dulcis population trough density management dendrogram

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a densidade e simular intervenções, por meio de dendrogramas de manejo de densidade, em uma população de Hovenia dulcis localizada na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de diâmetro de copa e de fuste, coletados em três estratos: dominante, intermediário e dominado, pelo método da Densidade Pontual de Spurr, num povoamento de aproximadamente 1,3 hectares de uva do Japão com 25 anos de idade. Devido o local de coleta das informações apresentar grande variação na altura dominante, este foi dividido em Sítios I e II. Entre os estratos verificou-se que somente ocorreu diferença estatística significativa entre o estrato dominante do Sítio I e os demais de ambos os sítios. O coeficiente angular do ajuste das linhas de densidade ficaram estabelecidos, para o estrato dominante do Sítio I em -2,492 e, para os demais, em -1,085. A melhor forma de conduzir o povoamento seria aplicando um desbaste, se o mesmo fosse formado somente por árvores com dimensões semelhantes às do estrato dominante do Sítio I, e quatro intervenções se fosse constituído somente de indivíduos pertencentes aos demais estratos.Palavras-chave: Sítio; modelo de Reineke; desbaste. AbstractThinning simulation in Hovenia dulcis population trough density management dendrogram. The main objective of this study was to simulate density and interventions through density management dendrogram in a population of Hovenia dulcis located in the central region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was utilized Data from crown and stem diameters, collected in three types of tree stratum dominant, intermediate, and dominant, through the Punctual Density Method developed by Spurr, in a stand of approximately 1.3 hectares of Hovenia dulcis 25 years old were used. Due to the high variability in the trees dominant height the area was divided into two sites, I and II. The results showed that statistic significant difference was detected only between the dominant stratum of site I, and the other strata on both sites. The angular coefficients of the regression adjustment of the density lines were -2.492 for the site I dominant stratum and -1.085 for the others. It was also observed that the best way to manage the stand would be one thinning, if it was formed only by trees with similar dimensions of the dominant stratum of Site I, and four thinnings if the site was composed by individuals belonging to the other strata.Keywords: Site; Reineke model; thinning.The main objective of this study was to simulate density and interventions through density management dendrogram in a population of Hovenia dulcis located in the central region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was utilized Data from crown and stem diameters, collected in three types of tree stratum dominant, intermediate, and dominant, through the Punctual Density Method developed by Spurr, in a stand of approximately 1.3 hectares of Hovenia dulcis 25 years old were used. Due to the high variability in the trees dominant height the area was divided into two sites, I and II. The results showed that statistic significant difference was detected only between the dominant stratum of site I, and the other strata on both sites. The angular coefficients of the regression adjustment of the density lines were -2.492 for the site I dominant stratum and -1.085 for the others. It was also observed that the best way to manage the stand would be one thinning, if it was formed only by trees with similar dimensions of the dominant stratum of Site I, and four thinnings if the site was composed by individuals belonging to the other strata

Sustainable management of natural forests in pantanal region, Brazil.

The Pantanal region in Brazil has an area of 140,000 km², with approximately 30 % of natural forests distributed as deciduous, semideciduous, and forested savannas. The subregion of Nhecolandia represents 19 % of this area. There is constant concern about the sustainability of these forested areas, as there is a constant demand for wood for farm maintenance, mainly for making fence poles. The objective of this article is to indicate sustainable forest management practices in the Pantanal region of Nhecolandia. The methodology of this novel approach consisted of the recovery and organization of the available information to calculate the sustainable allowable cut per hectare, considering: cutting cycle, wood stock, periodic annual increment (PAI) in percentage of volume from the commercial or interesting species and the stand structure. For forested savannas, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of 529 trees per hectare were estimated as follows: 28 % with a DBH lower than 10 cm, 36 % from 10 to 20 cm, 21 % from 20 to 30 cm, 10 % from 30 to 40 cm and only 4 % greater than 40 cm. The estimated total volume per hectare was 84.2 m³ and the estimated basal area was 18.6 m². The forested areas of the Pantanal region present potential for sustainable use. However, due to regional characteristics and the lack of available information, an enhancement in research is recommended to establish a basic management guide to ensure its perpetuation for future generations.The Pantanal region in Brazil has an area of 140,000 km², with approximately 30 % of natural forests distributed as deciduous, semideciduous, and forested savannas. The subregion of Nhecolandia represents 19 % of this area. There is constant concern about the sustainability of these forested areas, as there is a constant demand for wood for farm maintenance, mainly for making fence poles. The objective of this article is to indicate sustainable forest management practices in the Pantanal region of Nhecolandia. The methodology of this novel approach consisted of the recovery and organization of the available information to calculate the sustainable allowable cut per hectare, considering: cutting cycle, wood stock, periodic annual increment (PAI) in percentage of volume from the commercial or interesting species and the stand structure. For forested savannas, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of 529 trees per hectare were estimated as follows: 28 % with a DBH lower than 10 cm, 36 % from 10 to 20 cm, 21 % from 20 to 30 cm, 10 % from 30 to 40 cm and only 4 % greater than 40 cm. The estimated total volume per hectare was 84.2 m³ and the estimated basal area was 18.6 m². The forested areas of the Pantanal region present potential for sustainable use. However, due to regional characteristics and the lack of available information, an enhancement in research is recommended to establish a basic management guide to ensure its perpetuation for future generations

Alternative criteria to achieve sustainable management of Mezilaurus itauba in the Brazilian Amazon

The aims of this study were to evaluate the Brazilian law parameters for tropical forest management regarding forest recovery and to propose alternative criteria to achieve sustainability, using Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez as case study. The diameter structure was obtained from a 100% forest inventory of a 500 ha forest compartment. The assessment of M. itauba growth, ingrowth and mortality were carried out in a two sample plot of 50 ha located on the compartment, where all commercial species were measured both before and 7 years after logging. First it was evaluated the species structure and its most productive diameter class. The species recovery of timber volume has been simulated for the minimum logging diameter (MLD) of 50, 60, 70 and 80 cm. The largest volume recover was reached for the 60 cm MLD class. We showed that there is a diametric limit to achieve net timber volume production and that different remnant structures produce different increments

Índices de sítios para Hovenia dulcis Thunberg na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The main objective of this work is to study the index forest sites build, for the dominant height, of populations located in the central area of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. To do that, information from 3 stands located at FEPAGRO was used. To construct the curves index sites forest, information from 18 dominant trees was collected in the 4 sites, observing the methodology for the analysis of the bole. For the   curves  index   site  forest,  the  Backman  model  was,  and  it  was  verified  the necessity of construction of two groups of index curves of sites, with space of 2 m, from 4 to 25 years, and index age of 25. To the site I-A, 3 index curves were generated, from 22 to 24 m and, to the sites I-B+II+III, 6 index curves from 8 to 18 m were made.Este trabalho teve como objetivo construir curvas índice de sítios florestais, a partir da altura dominante e idade, de populações localizadas na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foram utilizadas informações de três povoamentos (sítios) com idades de 25 anos, localizados na Fundação de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO). Para classificar os sítios florestais, coletaram-se informações de 18 árvores dominantes nos locais, observando a metodologia para análise de tronco. Na construção das curvas de índice de sítio, foi o selecionado o modelo de Backman, ficando constatada a necessidade da construção de dois conjuntos de curvas, com intervalo de 2 m, da idade de 5 a 25 anos, com idade índice de 25 anos. Para o Sítio I-A, foram geradas 3 curvas índices, de 22 a 24 m e, para os Sítios I-B+II+III, 6 curvas índices de 8 a 18 m

COMPETIÇÃO ESPACIAL E CRESCIMENTO DE Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer EM REMANESCENTE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA

The aim of this study was to evaluate the life cycle and competition of Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer in Mixed Rainforest. Understorey trees emerging from the Chapecó National Forest, SC, were selected. The diameter, crown projection and total heights of each sampled tree were measured. Samples with increment auger were obtained and the growth rings were analyzed to determine the growth in diameter. Competition indexes were calculated, hypsometric models were adjusted, and growth was adjusted for each height class (less than or greater than 11 m). The individuals were aged between 47 and 220 years, in diameters 17 and 90 cm at 1.30 m in height (DBH). The species is long-lived, with an average increment of 0.42 cm year-1. The average annual increment differs between classes of height and diameter, being smaller and stable for individuals who are under the canopy. The Glover and Hool index reflected this condition, indicating that trees with a smaller diameter are under greater competition pressure. The analysis of the competition indexes and the growth models, allow to establish a prognosis of the growth of the O. odorifera trees, serving as a subsidy to the management planning for commercial use and / or conservation.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o ciclo de vida e a competição de Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer em Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Foram selecionadas árvores do sub-bosque e emergentes na Floresta Nacional de Chapecó, SC. Foram mensurados o diâmetro, projeção de copa e altura total de cada árvore amostrada. Foram obtidas amostras com trado de incremento e analisados os anéis de crescimento, para determinação do crescimento em diâmetro. Foram calculados índices de competição e ajustados modelos hipsométricos e de crescimento para cada classe de altura (< 11 m e ≥ 11 m). Os indivíduos apresentaram idade entre 47 e 220 anos, em diâmetros de 17 a 90 cm a 1,30 m de altura (DAP). A espécie é longeva, com incremento médio de 0,42 cm ano-1. O incremento médio anual difere entre classes de altura e diâmetro, sendo menor para os indivíduos que estão sob o dossel. O índice de Glover e Hool refletiu tal condição, indicando que as árvores com menor diâmetro estão sob maior pressão de competição. A análise dos índices de competição e dos modelos de crescimento permite estabelecer um prognóstico do crescimento das árvores de O. odorifera, servindo de subsídio ao planejamento do manejo para uso comercial e/ou conservação. Palavras-chave: manejo florestal; anéis de crescimento; índice de competição.   Spatial competition and growth of Ocotea odorifera (vell.) Rohwer in a remnant of Araucaria Forest   ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the life cycle and competition of Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer in Araucaria Forest. We selected understory and emerging trees from the Chapecó National Forest, Santa Catarina State. The diameter, crown projection and total heights of each sampled tree were measured. Samples were obtained with increment borer and the growth rings were analyzed to determine the growth in diameter. Competition indexes were calculated and hypsometric models and growth models were adjusted for each height class (< 11 m and ≥ 11 m). The individuals were aged between 47 and 220 years, in diameters from 17 to 90 cm at 1.30 m in height (DBH). It is a long-lived species, with an average increment of 0.42 cm year-1. The average annual increment differs between classes of height and diameter, being smaller for trees under the canopy. The Glover and Hool index reflected this condition, indicating that trees with a smaller diameter are under greater competition. The analysis of the competition indexes and the growth models allow to establish a prognosis of the growth of O. odorifera, serving as basis to the management planning for use and/or conservation. Keywords: forest management; growth-rings; competition index

Equations to estimate tree gaps in a precision forest management area the amazon based on crown morphometry

ABSTRACT The precision forest management technique still has much to be improved with the incorporation of forest biometric techniques and forest profiling with airborne LIDAR. When planning the cutting of a tree in forest management, the volume to be produced for industry is estimated but not the area impacted by removal of the tree. The objective of the present study was to develop equations for the Amazon rainforest that are able to estimate the impact area of gaps from harvesting individual dominant and co-dominant trees based on the canopy morphology obtained through forest profiling. On two separate occasions profiles were made in an annual forest-production unit in the Antimary State Forest (FEA) in the state of Acre, Brazil. The first was done a few days before the start of logging in 2010 and the second was done after completion of harvest activities in 2011. With field measurements and processing of the cloud of LIDAR points, dendrometric and morphometric variables were obtained for the canopy in order to develop equations for estimating gap areas. After evaluation of the explanatory variables with the highest correlation with gap area, the method used considered all possible models and included 2-4 parameters. The explanatory variables that best represent the impact of clearings are volume of the crown (VCop) and crown-projection area (APC). Ten equations were selected, of which two were chosen for use; these had R2 aj > 75% and Syx <23%. The good fit of the equations demonstrates the potential use of LIDAR to obtain information for estimating in advance the gaps in the forest cover that will be created from harvesting trees of different sizes