The Impact of the Central Bank Key Rate and Commercial Banks Credit Rates on Creating and Maintaining of a Favorable Investment Climate in the Country

Paper is devoted to study of the impact of the Central Bank key rate and commercial banks credit rates on creating and maintaining of a favorable investment climate in the country. Within the framework of modern investment models created by the authors, the dependence of the efficiency of investments on the level of debt financing within a wide range of values of equity costs and debt capital costs under different project terms (long-term projects as well as projects of arbitrary duration) and different investment profitability coefficients β is investigated. The effectiveness of investments is determined by Net Present Value, NPV. The study is conducted within the framework of investment models with debt repayment at the end of the project term. It is found that NPV depends practically linearly on leverage level L, increasing or decreasing depending on profitability coefficient b and credit rate values kd. The cut off credit rate values kd*, separating the range of increasing NPV(L) from range of decreasing NPV(L), are determined. The Central Bank should keep its key rate at the level which allow commercial banks keep their credit rates below the cut off credit rate kd* values in order to create and maintain a favorable investment climate in the country

Geodesic flows on Riemannian g.o. spaces

We prove the integrability of geodesic flows on the Riemannian g.o. spaces of compact Lie groups, as well as on a related class of Riemannian homogeneous spaces having an additional principal bundle structure.Comment: 12 pages, minor corrections, final versio

Polycystin-2 takes different routes to the somatic and ciliary plasma membrane

Polycystin-2 goes through the Golgi apparatus when going to the plasma membrane, but bypasses it en route to the ciliary membrane

Signaling through the primary cilium

© 2018 Wheway, Nazlamova and Hancock. The presence of single, non-motile "primary" cilia on the surface of epithelial cells has been well described since the 1960s. However, for decades these organelles were believed to be vestigial, with no remaining function, having lost their motility. It wasn't until 2003, with the discovery that proteins responsible for transport along the primary cilium are essential for hedgehog signaling in mice, that the fundamental importance of primary cilia in signal transduction was realized. Little more than a decade later, it is now clear that the vast majority of signaling pathways in vertebrates function through the primary cilium. This has led to the adoption of the term "the cells's antenna" as a description for the primary cilium. Primary cilia are particularly important during development, playing fundamental roles in embryonic patterning and organogenesis, with a suite of inherited developmental disorders known as the "ciliopathies" resulting from mutations in genes encoding cilia proteins. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of these fascinating organelles in a wide range of signaling pathways

Engineering graphics: theoretical foundations of engineering geometry for design

This professional treatise on engineering graphics emphasizes engineering geometry as the theoretical foundation for communication of design ideas with real world structures and products. It considers each theoretical notion of engineering geometry as a complex solution of direct- and inverse-problems of descriptive geometry and each solution of basic engineering problems presented is accompanied by construction of biunique two- and three-dimension models of geometrical images. The book explains the universal structure of formal algorithms of the solutions of positional, metric, and axonometric problems, as well as the solutions of problems of construction in developing a curvilinear surface. The book further characterizes and explains the added laws of projective connections to facilitate construction of geometrical images in any of eight octants. Laws of projective connections allow constructing the complex drawing of a geometrical image in the American system of measurement and the European system of measurement without errors and mistakes. The arrangement of projections of a geometrical image on the complex drawing corresponds to an arrangement of views of a product in the projective drawing for the European system of measurement. The volume is ideal for engineers working on a range of design projects as well as for students of civil, structural, and industrial engineering and engineering design. • Facilitates development of spatial imagination and imaginative perception in the context of developing a generalized approach to solving geometrical engineering problems; • Explains geometric and analytical models of points, straight lines, planes, and surfaces; • Provides solutions for basic engineering problems accompanied by construction of biunique two- and three-dimension models of geometrical images; • Includes detail on geometric projections and complex drawings; • Provides an arrangement of views of a product in the projective drawing for various systems of measurement.

Systems of Measurement for the Construction of Geometrical Models

In the present work, the relevant components of the two basic system of measurement are defined through the analysis of existing systems of measurement for geometrical modeling. The major features of such systems related to the ways of formation of the two-dimensional complex drawing of a geometrical image on the basis of laws of projective connections are revealed. Interrelations of the elements of different systems of measurement with various projections of a geometrical image are defined. The relative location of projections of a geometrical image into the constructed two-dimensional complex drawings for various systems of measurement is discussed. The rationale behind a particular arrangement of views in the projective drawing of a product in the analyzed systems of measurement is explained