La libéralisation comme source du dérèglement des transports publics d’Annaba

A l’instar des villes Algériennes, après la dissolution de sa Régie Municipale RMCA, la ville d’Annaba, n’a pas échappé aux effets négatifs générés par la libéralisation du secteur de transport impulsé par la loi n° 88-17 du 10 mai 1988 portant orientation et organisation des transports terrestres, et dont ses effets qualifiables de «stigmates» demeurent à ce jour.Cet article se penche sur l’opération de libéralisation ordonnée par l’état pendant le début des Années 90, en proposant un phasage chronologique relatif à son évolution, tout en mettant la lumière sur ses effets les plus manifestes à l’échelle nationale et surtout sur le plan urbain par rapport au périmètre de transport de la ville d’Annaba, ceci à travers ses différents volets organisationnels et fonctionnels.Mots clés: Libéralisation - Transport public - Chronologie - Urbain - OrganisationEnglish Title: Liberalization as a source of deregulation of public transport in Annaba cityEnglish AbstractSimilarly at almost of the Algerian cities, after the dissolution of the Municipal Board RMCA, the city of Annaba doesn’t escape from the negative effects generated by the liberalization of the transport sector; Promoted by Law 88-17 of May 10th,1988, concerning the orientation and organization of land transportation, including its effects classifiable “stigmata”, who persists until the present .This work examines the orderly liberalization process by the state during the early 90's, offering a chronology of its evolution, while shedding light on its most obvious effects at different levels, nationally and especially in urban scale compared to PUT perimeter of urban transport of Annaba city, also through its various organizational and functional aspects.Keywords: Liberalization - Public transport - Chronology - Urban - Organizatio

Actuator Fault Diagnosis with Application to a Diesel Engine Testbed

This work addresses the issues of actuator fault detection and isolation for diesel engines. We are particularly interested in faults affecting the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and the variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) actuator valves. A bank of observer-based residuals is designed using a nonlinear mean value model of diesel engines. Each residual on the proposed scheme is based on a nonlinear unknown input observer and designed to be insensitive to only one fault. By using this scheme, each actuator fault can be easily isolated since only one residual goes to zero while the others do not. A decision algorithm based on multi-CUSUM is used. The performances of the proposed approach are shown through a real application to a Caterpillar 3126b engine

Fuzzy control turns 50: 10 years later

In 2015, we celebrate the 50th anniversary of Fuzzy Sets, ten years after the main milestones regarding its applications in fuzzy control in their 40th birthday were reviewed in FSS, see [1]. Ten years is at the same time a long period and short time thinking to the inner dynamics of research. This paper, presented for these 50 years of Fuzzy Sets is taking into account both thoughts. A first part presents a quick recap of the history of fuzzy control: from model-free design, based on human reasoning to quasi-LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) model-based control design via some milestones, and key applications. The second part shows where we arrived and what the improvements are since the milestone of the first 40 years. A last part is devoted to discussion and possible future research topics.Guerra, T.; Sala, A.; Tanaka, K. (2015). Fuzzy control turns 50: 10 years later. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 281:162-182. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2015.05.005S16218228

Subliminally Perceived Odours Modulate Female Intrasexual Competition: An Eye Movement Study

Background: Evidence suggests that subliminal odorants influence human perception and behavior. It has been hypothesized that the human sex-steroid derived compound 4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone) functions as a human chemosignal. The most intensively studied steroid compound, androstadienone is known to be biologically relevant since it seems to convey information about male mate quality to women. It is unclear if the effects of androstadienone are menstrual cycle related. Methodology/Principal Findings: In the first experiment, heterosexual women were exposed to androstadienone or a control compound and asked to view stimuli such as female faces, male faces and familiar objects while their eye movements were recorded. In the second experiment the same women were asked to rate the level of stimuli attractiveness following exposure to the study or control compound. The results indicated that women at high conception risk spent more time viewing the female than the male faces regardless of the compound administered. Women at a low conception risk exhibited a preference for female faces only following exposure to androstadienone. Conclusions/Significance: We contend that a woman’s level of fertility influences her evaluation of potential competitors (e.g., faces of other women) during times critical for reproduction. Subliminally perceived odorants, such as androstadienone, might similarly enhance intrasexual competition strategies in women during fertility phases not critica

State estimation for discrete-time nonlinear systems : Application to a wastewater treatment process

Ce sujet de recherche revêt, d'une part, un caractère théorique puisqu'il aborde le problème d'estimation des systèmes singuliers linéaires et non linéaires à temps discret pour lesquels très peu de résultats sont disponibles et, d'autre part, un aspect pratique, car le modèle utilisé est d'une station d'épuration des eaux usées à boues activées. Dans la partie théorique, nous nous sommes intéressés, dans un premier temps, à l'estimation d'état des systèmes singuliers linéaires en utilisant l'approche d'estimation à horizon glissant. Deux estimateurs optimaux, au sens des moindres carrés et au sens de la variance minimale, ont été présentés. L'analyse de la convergence et de la stabilité de ces estimateurs est traités. Ensuite, nous avons présenté une approche pour l'observation de la classe des systèmes non linéaires lipschitziens à temps discret. En supposant que la partie linéaire de cette classe de systèmes est variante dans le temps, le problème de l'estimation d'état d'un système non linéaire est transformé en un problème d'estimation d'état d'un système LPV. La condition de stabilité de l'observateur proposé est exprimée en terme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires (LMI). Enfin, dans la partie pratique, les résultats obtenus sont validés par une application à un modèle d'une station d'épuration des eaux usées à boues activées.This subject of research holds, on the one hand, a theoretical character since it tackles the state estimation problem for linear and nonlinear singular discrete time systems for which very few results are available and, on the other hand, a practical aspect because the used model is an activated sludge process for wastewater treatment. In the theoretical part, we were interested firstly in the state estimation problem of linear singular systems using the moving horizon approach. We have presented two optimal estimators with the least squares and the minimum variance formulations. The analysis of the convergence and the stability of the estimators are derived. Then, an observers synthesis method for nonlinear Lipschitz discrete-time systems is proposed. By supposing that the linear part of this class of systems is time-varying, the state estimation problem of nonlinear system is transformed into a state estimation problem for LPV system. The stability condition of the proposed observer is derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, in the practical part, the obtained results are validated by an application to an activated sludge process for wastewater treatment

Estimation de l'état des systèmes non linéaires à temps discret. Application à une station d'épuration

This subject of research holds, on the one hand, a theoretical character since it tackles the state estimation problem for linear and nonlinear singular discrete time systems for which very few results are available and, on the other hand, a practical aspect because the used model is an activated sludge process for wastewater treatment. In the theoretical part, we were interested firstly in the state estimation problem of linear singular systems using the moving horizon approach. We have presented two optimal estimators with the least squares and the minimum variance formulations. The analysis of the convergence and the stability of the estimators are derived. Then, an observers synthesis method for nonlinear Lipschitz discrete-time systems is proposed. By supposing that the linear part of this class of systems is time-varying, the state estimation problem of nonlinear system is transformed into a state estimation problem for LPV system. The stability condition of the proposed observer is derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, in the practical part, the obtained results are validated by an application to an activated sludge process for wastewater treatment.Ce sujet de recherche revêt, d'une part, un caractère théorique puisqu'il aborde le problème d'estimation des systèmes singuliers linéaires et non linéaires à temps discret pour lesquels très peu de résultats sont disponibles et, d'autre part, un aspect pratique, car le modèle utilisé est d'une station d'épuration des eaux usées à boues activées. Dans la partie théorique, nous nous sommes intéressés, dans un premier temps, à l'estimation d'état des systèmes singuliers linéaires en utilisant l'approche d'estimation à horizon glissant. Deux estimateurs optimaux, au sens des moindres carrés et au sens de la variance minimale, ont été présentés. L'analyse de la convergence et de la stabilité de ces estimateurs est traités. Ensuite, nous avons présenté une approche pour l'observation de la classe des systèmes non linéaires lipschitziens à temps discret. En supposant que la partie linéaire de cette classe de systèmes est variante dans le temps, le problème de l'estimation d'état d'un système non linéaire est transformé en un problème d'estimation d'état d'un système LPV. La condition de stabilité de l'observateur proposé est exprimée en terme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires (LMI). Enfin, dans la partie pratique, les résultats obtenus sont validés par une application à un modèle d'une station d'épuration des eaux usées à boues activées

Finite-Time Adaptive Event-Triggered Output Feedback Intelligent Control for Noninteger Order Nonstrict Feedback Systems with Asymmetric Time-varying Pseudo-state Constraints and Nonsmooth Input Nonlinearities

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABThis paper addresses issues and challenges associated with approximation-based adaptive neural event-triggered output feedback control schemes for a group of non-integer order non-strict feedback systems subject to asymmetric time-varying pseudo-state constraints, unknown control directions, and input nonlinearities. The actuator nonlinearities are first approximated using Caputo fractional derivative definitions and novel continuous functions. After that, by introducing auxiliary non-integer order integrators, the original non-affine plant is transformed into an augmented affine system. Furthermore, neural networks, a high-gain observer, and Nussbaum-type functions are applied to deal with the unknown functions, the immeasurable pseudo-states, and the unknown control directions, respectively. In parallel, by utilizing non-integer order filters, the dynamic surface control technique is incorporated to eliminate the "explosion of complexity" that is frequently encountered with backstepping approaches. In addition, an event-triggered mechanism is integrated into the control design procedure to save computational resources and reduce communication burden. Time-varying asymmetric barrier Lyapunov functions are built with error variables to guarantee that the full pseudo-state constraints are not violated. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, theoretical analysis indicates that the proposed control scheme ensures that (1) the Zeno behavior is excluded, (2) all the closed-loop signals are bounded and (3) the tracking errors converge to the origin asymptotically in finite time. This paper makes the following contributions: (1) New fractional differential inequalities are developed to extend traditional approaches for the stability analysis and the controller design procedure of integer order systems to fractional-order systems; (2) Compared with existing achievements, the proposed adaptive event-triggered control strategy is more advantageous in practice. Finally, simulation studies are worked out to prove the validity of the proposed approach and corroborate the theoretical results