Literatura marroquí sobre el protectorado: relación entre la colonia y los autóctonos

Resumen: El artículo  abarca la geografía y la idiosincrasia marroquíes durante una de las etapas críticas de Marruecos; y de la relación y condiciones humanas entre los colonos y los autóctonos: La ocupación colonial por dos países europeos desde 1912 hasta 1956: España, en el norte y extremo sur y Francia en el  centro  y  sur.   Durante  el  Protectorado  la  literatura  en  lengua  árabe  ocupa  un  lugar  de  vital importancia  en  el  desarrollo  de  la  cultura  del  país. La cultura  árabe  fue  considerada  como  un instrumento educativo de primer orden para la edificación del nacionalismo, el mantenimiento de la religión islámica y la toma de conciencia del pueblo de su realidad. La literatura en lengua árabe en Marruecos ha conocido un progreso importante en el siglo XX. Anteriormente se encasillaba en canciones, poesía y en artículos sobre historia, geografía o partes de guerra. La escritura de expresión francesa y española domina también importantes áreas del saber de Marruecos. Este trabajo muestra las varias instituciones y profesiones que van a entrar en la dinámica de la demanda de Independencia durante este periodo; como lo son la prensa, el teatro y el impacto social de novelas y cuentos. Palabras clave: Cultura marroquí, Islam, cultura árabe, protectorado francés y español, colonialismo, interculturalidad, historia siglo xx, literatura, prensa, teatro Abstract: The article covers the geography and Moroccan idiosyncrasies during one of the critical stages in Morocco, and the human condition and relationship between settlers and indigenous: the colonial occupation by two European countries from 1912 to 1956: Spain, in the north and extreme south and France in the center and south. During the Protectorate literature in Arabic occupies a place of vital importance in the development of the country's culture. Arab culture was regarded as one of the educational tools of first order for the construction of nationalism, maintaining the Islamic religion and awareness of the people of their reality. The literature in Arabic in Morocco has seen a significant progress in the twentieth century. Previously it was pigeonholed in songs, poetry and articles on the history, geography or war reports. Writing in French and Spanish also dominates -but in a much lesser extent- important knowledge areas of Morocco. This work shows the various institutions and professions who will get into the dynamics of the demand for independence during this period, such as the press, the theater and the social impact of novels and short stories. Keywords: Moroccan culture, Islam, Arab culture, French and Spanish protectorate, colonialism, multiculturalism, twentieth-century history, literature, news, thea

CURSO DE CONTRATACIÓN INTERNACIONAL. ALFONSO LUIS CALVO CARAVACA; JAVIER CARRASCOSA GONZALEZ (Directores). Editorial Colex, Madrid España, 2003, ISBN, 84 -7879-787-4, 748 páginas

Book abstract: Activists Forever? explores the consequences of political involvement on an individual's life. While much of the research in this area has focused on the motivations of entire protests groups, the editors of this volume propose an approach that focuses on actors. This book examines political involvement's socio-biographical effects, or the ways in which political commitment generates or modifies dispositions to act, think, and perceive, in a way that is either consistent with or in contrast to the results of previous socialization. The contents explore what political involvement leads to rather than what causes involvement. Using a variety of case studies, this collection of essays provides global coverage with a focus on participation in major protests in the 1960s and significantly broadens our understanding by looking outside the United States. These essays look at the lasting effects of activists' knowledge, connections, and symbolic capital on their future participation in politics, as well as their personal and professional lives