Co ze mną zrobisz, kiedy mnie zobaczysz? Percepcja jako wyszukiwanie ofert (affordances) w otoczeniu

Współczesne próby łączenia percepcji z działaniem czerpią z Gibsonowskiej koncepcji ofert (affordances). Tekst szkicuje pojęciowe podstawy tej koncepcji pokazując, jak pojęcie oferty wpisuje się w teorię percepcji, rozumianej jako aktywne szukanie ustrukturowanej informacji, mogącej usprawnić działanie organizmu w otoczeniu. Napomyka też o pewnej paraleli filozoficznej (filozofia narzędzia Martina Heideggera) oraz o tym, że intuicje kryjące się za pojęciem oferty były bardziej inspirujące dla kognitywistów, neuronaukowców czy robotyków niż dla psychologów zajmujących się percepcją

The Effects of an Exercise and Kinesiotape Intervention on Forward HeadRounded Shoulder Posture and Scapular Dyskinesis

Context: Forward head and rounded shoulder posture as well as scapular dyskinesis are forms of improper posture that have been linked to neck and shoulder pain. Treatment for forward head posture (FHP), rounded shoulder posture (RSP), and scapular dyskinesis has consisted of an exercise protocol. Kinesiotape (KT) has recently been used as a treatment method but there is a lack of research on the effectiveness, or whether exercise or KT is better than the other. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare a KT intervention to a strengthening and stretching program for correction of FHP, RSP, and scapular dyskinesis in a healthy, non-athletic, college age population. Design: The study was a repeated measures pre/post-test design. Setting: The testing and interventions took place at an athletic training research lab at a DI mid-Atlantic university. Only one clinician administered the testing and interventions. Patients and Other Participants: The study included 20 healthy college students that are pre-major and major athletic training students. There were 10 subjects (7 females, 3 males, 20.30+/-.82 yrs, 171.07+/-11.82 cm, 79.47+/-13.79 kg) in the exercise group and 10 subjects (7 females, 3 males, 20.40+/-1.43 yrs, 166.61+/-11.99 cm, 69.40+/-11.48 kg) in the kinesiotape group. Inclusion criteria for the study contained those subjects who were healthy with no history of upper extremity injury or surgery within six months leading up to the study and students with status as pre-major or major students in the undergraduate athletic training program and were classified as having FHP, RSP, and/or scapular dyskinesis. Exclusion criteria for the study contained those subjects currently engaged in a glenohumeral joint or cervical training program, current glenohumeral joint, neck, arm hand, or back injuries, or surgery involving the glenohumeral joint, arm, hand, back, or neck within six months of the study. Interventions: There were two intervention groups undergoing a four-week program. One group participated in a strengthening and stretching exercise protocol, while the other group had KT applied to the upper back and shoulders for a duration of five days with two days of no tape in a seven-day period. Main Outcome Measures: The dependent variables measured were forward head posture as assessed by the craniovertebral angle (CVA) in degrees, rounded shoulder posture as assessed by the forward shoulder angle (FSA) in degrees, and scapular dyskinesis as assessed using scapular dyskinesis scoring (0-3) for each scapula. Results: Negative, weak, correlations with high p-values were found between cell phone use and CVA, RSA, and scapular dyskinesis score as well as between computer use and CVA and scapular dyskinesis score, while a positive, weak correlation with a high p-value between computer use and RSA. There was no statistically significant group, time, or group x time interaction for the CVA and RSA measurements. There was a statistically significant time main effect for the scapular dyskinesis score (F=12.570, p\u3c.01) but not for group or group x time interaction. MDC was achieved for the CVA and scapular dyskinesis score for both groups. Conclusions: Both groups improved pre/post-test for scapular dyskinesis. No other results were significant for CVA and RSA. In addition, there was a moderate inverse relationship between cellphone/computer use and FHRSP and scapular dyskinesis. Due to the results of the group mean differences and MDC for the CVA and RSA, further research should be conducted

Stefan Zweig

Originally published in 1965, this volume presented the only comprehensive bibliography of the writings of the Austrian novelist, journalist, and playwright Stefan Zweig and of the books and articles about his work

Abduction: Some Conceptual Issues

We claim that abduction should primarily be studied from the perspective of its use. The big question “What is abduction?” is most often interpreted substantively and this distracts attention from the instrumental aspect of this form of reasoning. We propose to address the problem by asking “How abduction is used?”. As a result of our approach we see the fact that abduction needs to be construed as concerned with both generation and evaluation of hypotheses, and, furthermore, that abduction is a compound form of reasoning

Stefan Zweig: A Bibliography

Originally published in 1965, this volume presented the only comprehensive bibliography of the writings of the Austrian novelist, journalist, and playwright Stefan Zweig and of the books and articles about his work