Managing small-scale fisheries confronted with socio-economic changes in New Caledonia (South Pacific)

International audienc

Managing Small-Scale Fisheries Confronted With Socio-Economic Changes in New Caledonia (South Pacific)

On the rural Northwest coast of New Caledonia, the settlement of a world class mining complex has initiated rapid socio-economic changes, linked with a considerable demographic increase (+ 65% between 2007 and 2015) and plentiful job opportunities. In 2007 and 2009, studies on fisheries and commercialization of reef finfish and invertebrates were conducted to assess how these changes could impact resource-use patterns. Results showed that 1) economic, 2) social and 3) ecological changes were expected. 1) The increase in demand (+70%) may strengthen the market for marine products through the increase in local commercial fishing or external supply that would diversify and lessen local fishing pressure. 2) The lagoon uses were strongly linked to the social background of fishers. Subsistence and recreational fishing practises were part of ways of life in this rural area and may be modified by the ongoing local economic boom. 3) The overall fishing pressure (0.26 t/km²/year) was low. However, its spatial distribution showed that some areas were close to overfishing. Results suggested that the expected rise in commercial and recreational fishing could lead to unsustainable exploitation levels in these zones. Given the scope of potential changes, public authorities have to manage changing lagoon uses to balance the indirect effects of economic development on the local natural and social landscape. They will have to choose options that would support the development of local fisheries, representing about 500,000 ¬ of sales a year, or maintain the present social organization and ecological status of reefs.Keywords: Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Small Scale Fisheries, Fisheries Economic

La vente des poissons du lagon

National audienc

Des ateliers participatifs autour des enjeux de gestion du lagon

National audienc

La gestion d'un lagon en mutation: acteurs, enjeux et recherche-action en Nouvelle-Calédonie (Pacifique Sud)

International audienceCet article synthétise les résultats d'un programme de recherche interdisciplinaire effectué sur la côte nord-ouest de la province Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (Pacifique sud) de 2008 à 2011. Cette région fait face aux rapides changements urbains et économiques induits par la création d'un important complexe métallurgique. Ce projet industriel, porteur de développement économique, est aussi un projet politique emblématique du processus original de décolonisation négociée dans lequel la Nouvelle-Calédonie est engagée. Une démarche scientifique adaptative a été mise en place pour améliorer la connaissance de l'écosociosystème côtier et mieux gérer les usages littoraux, et les petites pêcheries en particulier. Cette démarche combinait trois approches complémentaires : recherche-action (s'appuyant sur les points de vue et les logiques des parties prenantes locales), interdisciplinarité (sciences biologiques, sociales et juridiques) et partenariat entre plusieurs institutions de recherche et de développement. Les résultats montrent que les principaux défis de gestion des usages littoraux sont fortement imbriqués et renvoient à des questions environnementales, sociales, culturelles aussi bien qu'économiques et politiques. Toutes les conditions pour la réussite d'une gestion participative ne sont pas actuellement réunies à l'échelle de la zone d'étude. Cependant, notre étude ouvre des pistes pour la promotion d'initiatives de gouvernance partagée, en se fondant sur des dynamiques locales existantes ou émergentes pouvant être élargies à d'autres échelles. Des orientations de politiques publiques sont aussi suggérées, incluant la promotion d'approches territoriales pour le développement local. (Résumé d'auteur

Rilpivirine in HIV-1-positive women initiating pregnancy: to switch or not to switch?

International audienceBackgroundSafety data about rilpivirine use during pregnancy remain scarce, and rilpivirine plasma concentrations are reduced during second/third trimesters, with a potential risk of viral breakthroughs. Thus, French guidelines recommend switching to rilpivirine-free combinations (RFCs) during pregnancy.ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of women initiating pregnancy while on rilpivirine and to compare the outcomes for virologically suppressed subjects continuing rilpivirine until delivery versus switching to an RFC.MethodsIn the ANRS-EPF French Perinatal cohort, we included women on rilpivirine at conception in 2010–18. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between patients continuing versus interrupting rilpivirine. In women with documented viral suppression (<50 copies/mL) before 14 weeks of gestation (WG) while on rilpivirine, we compared the probability of viral rebound (≥50 copies/mL) during pregnancy between subjects continuing rilpivirine versus those switching to RFC.ResultsAmong 247 women included, 88.7% had viral suppression at the beginning of pregnancy. Overall, 184 women (74.5%) switched to an RFC (mostly PI/ritonavir-based regimens) at a median gestational age of 8.0 WG. Plasma HIV-1 RNA nearest delivery was <50 copies/mL in 95.6% of women. Among 69 women with documented viral suppression before 14 WG, the risk of viral rebound was higher when switching to RFCs than when continuing rilpivirine (20.0% versus 0.0%, P = 0.046). Delivery outcomes were similar between groups (overall birth defects, 3.8/100 live births; pregnancy losses, 2.0%; preterm deliveries, 10.6%). No HIV transmission occurred.ConclusionsIn virologically suppressed women initiating pregnancy, continuing rilpivirine was associated with better virological outcome than changing regimen. We did not observe a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes

A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands

We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log10 increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV-CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences-is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence