134 research outputs found
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XIX. Characterization and dynamics of the GJ876 planetary system
Precise radial-velocity measurements for data acquired with the HARPS
spectrograph infer that three planets orbit the M4 dwarf star GJ876. In
particular, we confirm the existence of planet "d", which orbits every 1.93785
days. We find that its orbit may have significant eccentricity (e=0.14), and
deduce a more accurate estimate of its minimum mass of 6.3 Earth masses.
Dynamical modeling of the HARPS measurements combined with literature
velocities from the Keck Observatory strongly constrain the orbital
inclinations of the "b" and "c" planets. We find that i_b = 48.9 degrees and
i_c = 48.1 degrees, which infers the true planet masses of M_b = 2.64 Jupiter
masses and M_c = 0.83 Jupiter masses, respectively. Radial velocities alone, in
this favorable case, can therefore fully determine the orbital architecture of
a multi-planet system, without the input from astrometry or transits.
The orbits of the two giant planets are nearly coplanar, and their 2:1 mean
motion resonance ensures stability over at least 5 Gyr. The libration amplitude
is smaller than 2 degrees, suggesting that it was damped by some dissipative
process during planet formation. The system has space for a stable fourth
planet in a 4:1 mean motion resonance with planet "b", with a period around 15
days. The radial velocity measurements constrain the mass of this possible
additional planet to be at most that of the Earth.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
SOAP. A tool for the fast computation of photometry and radial velocity induced by stellar spots
We define and put at the disposal of the community SOAP, Spot Oscillation And
Planet, a software tool that simulates the effect of stellar spots and plages
on radial velocimetry and photometry. This paper describes the tool release and
provides instructions for its use. We present detailed tests with previous
computations and real data to assess the code's performance and to validate its
suitability. We characterize the variations of the radial velocity, line
bisector, and photometric amplitude as a function of the main variables:
projected stellar rotational velocity, filling factor of the spot, resolution
of the spectrograph, linear limb-darkening coefficient, latitude of the spot,
and inclination of the star. Finally, we model the spot distributions on the
active stars HD166435, TW Hya and HD189733 which reproduces the observations.
We show that the software is remarkably fast allowing several evolutions in its
capabilities that could be performed to study the next challenges in the
exoplanetary field connected with the stellar variability.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&
The very nearby M/T dwarf binary SCR 1845-6357
The recently discovered star SCR 1845-6357 is the first late M/T dwarf binary
discovered. SCR 1845 is a particular object due to its tight orbit (currently
around 4 AU) and its proximity to the Sun (3.85 pc). We present spatially
resolved VLT/NACO images and low resolution spectra of SCR 1845 in the J, H and
K near-infrared bands. Since the T dwarf companion, SCR 1845B, is so close to
the primary SCR 1845A, orbital motion is evident even within a year. Following
the orbital motion, the binary's mass can be measured accurately within a
decade, making SCR 1845B a key T-dwarf mass-luminosity calibrator. The NIR
spectra allow for accurate determination of spectral type and also for rough
estimates of the object's physical parameters. The spectral type of SCR 1845B
is determined by direct comparison of the flux calibrated JHK spectra with T
dwarf standard template spectra and also by NIR spectral indices obtained from
synthetic photometry. Constrained values for surface gravity, effective
temperature and metallicity are derived by comparison with model spectra. Our
data prove that SCR 1845B is a brown dwarf of spectral type T6 that is
co-moving with and therefore gravitationally bound to the M8.5 primary. Fitting
the NIR spectrum of SCR 1845B to model spectra yields an effective temperature
of about 950K and a surface gravity log(g)=5.1 (cgs) assuming solar
metallicity. Mass and age of SCR 1845B are in the range 40 to 50 Jupiter masses
and 1.8 to 3.1 Gyr.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
M dwarf stars in the light of (future) exoplanet searches
We present a brief overview of a splinter session on M dwarf stars as planet
hosts that was organized as part of the Cool Stars 17 conference. The session
was devoted to reviewing our current knowledge of M dwarf stars and exoplanets
in order to prepare for current and future exoplanet searches focusing in low
mass stars. We review the observational and theoretical challenges to
characterize M dwarf stars and the importance of accurate fundamental
parameters for the proper characterization of their exoplanets and our
understanding on planet formation.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Summary of the splinter session "M dwarf stars in
the light of (future) exoplanet searches" held at the 17th Cambridge Workshop
on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, June 28th 2012, Barcelona,
Spain. Submitted for publication in Astronomische Nachrichten - Astronomical
Notes (AN) 334, Issue 1-2, Eds Klaus Strassmeier and Mercedes L\'opez-Morale
Transit Detection in the MEarth Survey of Nearby M Dwarfs: Bridging the Clean-First, Search-Later Divide
In the effort to characterize the masses, radii, and atmospheres of
potentially habitable exoplanets, there is an urgent need to find examples of
such planets transiting nearby M dwarfs. The MEarth Project is an ongoing
effort to do so, as a ground-based photometric survey designed to detect
exoplanets as small as 2 Earth radii transiting mid-to-late M dwarfs within 33
pc of the Sun. Unfortunately, identifying transits of such planets in
photometric monitoring is complicated both by the intrinsic stellar variability
that is common among these stars and by the nocturnal cadence, atmospheric
variations, and instrumental systematics that often plague Earth-bound
observatories. Here we summarize the properties of MEarth data gathered so far,
and we present a new framework to detect shallow exoplanet transits in wiggly
and irregularly-spaced light curves. In contrast to previous methods that clean
trends from light curves before searching for transits, this framework assesses
the significance of individual transits simultaneously while modeling
variability, systematics, and the photometric quality of individual nights. Our
Method for Including Starspots and Systematics in the Marginalized Probability
of a Lone Eclipse (MISS MarPLE) uses a computationally efficient semi-Bayesian
approach to explore the vast probability space spanned by the many parameters
of this model, naturally incorporating the uncertainties in these parameters
into its evaluation of candidate events. We show how to combine individual
transits processed by MISS MarPLE into periodic transiting planet candidates
and compare our results to the popular Box-fitting Least Squares (BLS) method
with simulations. By applying MISS MarPLE to observations from the MEarth
Project, we demonstrate the utility of this framework for robustly assessing
the false alarm probability of transit signals in real data. [slightly
abridged]Comment: accepted to the Astronomical Journal, 21 pages, 12 figure
The Empirical Mass-Luminosity Relation for Low Mass Stars
This work is devoted to improving empirical mass-luminosity relations and
mass-metallicity-luminosity relation for low mass stars. For these stars,
observational data in the mass-luminosity plane or the
mass-metallicity-luminosity space subject to non-negligible errors in all
coordinates with different dimensions. Thus a reasonable weight assigning
scheme is needed for obtaining more reliable results. Such a scheme is
developed, with which each data point can have its own due contribution.
Previous studies have shown that there exists a plateau feature in the
mass-luminosity relation. Taking into account the constraints from the
observational luminosity function, we find by fitting the observational data
using our weight assigning scheme that the plateau spans from 0.28 to 0.50
solar mass. Three-piecewise continuous improved mass-luminosity relations in K,
J, H and V bands, respectively, are obtained. The visual
mass-metallicity-luminosity relation is also improved based on our K band
mass-luminosity relation and the available observational metallicity data.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space
Scienc
Mass-luminosity relation for FGK main sequence stars: metallicity and age contributions
The stellar mass-luminosity relation (MLR) is one of the most famous
empirical "laws", discovered in the beginning of the 20th century. MLR is still
used to estimate stellar masses for nearby stars, particularly for those that
are not binary systems, hence the mass cannot be derived directly from the
observations. It's well known that the MLR has a statistical dispersion which
cannot be explained exclusively due to the observational errors in luminosity
(or mass). It is an intrinsic dispersion caused by the differences in age and
chemical composition from star to star. In this work we discuss the impact of
age and metallicity on the MLR. Using the recent data on mass, luminosity,
metallicity, and age for 26 FGK stars (all members of binary systems, with
observational mass-errors <= 3%), including the Sun, we derive the MLR taking
into account, separately, mass-luminosity, mass-luminosity-metallicity, and
mass-luminosity-metallicity-age. Our results show that the inclusion of age and
metallicity in the MLR, for FGK stars, improves the individual mass estimation
by 5% to 15%.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted in Astrophysics and Space
Scienc
Stellar activity of planetary host star HD 189733
Extra-solar planet search programs require high-precision velocity
measurements. They need to study how to disentangle radial-velocity variations
due to Doppler motion from the noise induced by stellar activity. We monitored
the active K2V star HD 189733 and its transiting planetary companion that has a
2.2-day orbital period. We used the high-resolution spectograph SOPHIE mounted
on the 1.93-m telescope at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence to obtain 55
spectra of HD 189733 over nearly two months. We refined the HD 189733b orbit
parameters and put limits on the eccentricity and on a long-term velocity
gradient. After subtracting the orbital motion of the planet, we compared the
variability of spectroscopic activity indices to the evolution of the
radial-velocity residuals and the shape of spectral lines. The radial velocity,
the spectral-line profile and the activity indices measured in HeI (5875.62
\AA), Halpha (6562.81 \AA) and the CaII H&K lines (3968.47 \AA and 3933.66 \AA,
respectively) show a periodicity around the stellar rotation period and the
correlations between them are consistent with a spotted stellar surface in
rotation. We used such correlations to correct for the radial-velocity jitter
due to stellar activity. This results in achieving high precision on the orbit
parameters, with a semi-amplitude K = 200.56 \pm 0.88 m.s-1 and a derived
planet mass of M_{P}=1.13 \pm 0.03 M.Comment: 9 pages, 2 tables, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A on
20/11/200
Managing physical and mental health conditions: Consumer perspectives on integrated care
Despite the growing trend of integrating primary care and mental health services, little research has documented how consumers with severe mental illnesses (SMI) manage comorbid conditions or view integrated services. We sought to better understand how consumers perceive and manage both mental and physical health conditions and their views of integrated services. We conducted semi-structured interviews with consumers receiving primary care services integrated in a community mental health setting. Consumers described a range of strategies to deal with physical health conditions and generally viewed mental and physical health conditions as impacting one another. Consumers viewed integration of primary care and mental health services favorably, specifically its convenience, friendliness, and knowledge of providers, and collaboration between providers. Although integration was viewed positively, consumers with SMI may need a myriad of strategies and supports to both initiate and sustain lifestyle changes that address common physical health problems
Planetary detection limits taking into account stellar noise. II. Effect of stellar spot groups on radial-velocities
The detection of small mass planets with the radial-velocity technique is now
confronted with the interference of stellar noise. HARPS can now reach a
precision below the meter-per-second, which corresponds to the amplitudes of
different stellar perturbations, such as oscillation, granulation, and
activity. Solar spot groups induced by activity produce a radial-velocity noise
of a few meter-per-second. The aim of this paper is to simulate this activity
and calculate detection limits according to different observational strategies.
Based on Sun observations, we reproduce the evolution of spot groups on the
surface of a rotating star. We then calculate the radial-velocity effect
induced by these spot groups as a function of time. Taking into account
oscillation, granulation, activity, and a HARPS instrumental error of 80 cm/s,
we simulate the effect of different observational strategies in order to
efficiently reduce all sources of noise. Applying three measurements per night
of 10 minutes every three days, 10 nights a month seems the best tested
strategy. Depending on the level of activity considered, from log(R'_HK)= -5 to
-4.75, this strategy would allow us to find planets of 2.5 to 3.5 Earth masses
in the habitable zone of a K1V dwarf. Using Bern's model of planetary
formation, we estimate that for the same range of activity level, 15 to 35 % of
the planets between 1 and 5 Earth masses and with a period between 100 and 200
days should be found with HARPS. A comparison between the performance of HARPS
and ESPRESSO is also emphasized by our simulations. Using the same optimized
strategy, ESPRESSO could find 1.3 Earth mass planets in the habitable zone of
early-K dwarfs. In addition, 80 % of planets with mass between 1 and 5 Earth
masses and with a period between 100 and 200 days could be detected.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&
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