Curriculum Development for Teaching Swimming in Hungary

Given the lack of publications describing changing curricular matters and the role of teaching and learning swimming in Hungary, the purpose of this study was to analyze the curricula of 1995, 2001, and 2003. It also was the authors’ goal to examine the role and place of swimming instruction in school education and provide discussion points to promote further review and the possible effects on teaching methodology and skill acquisition. The authors analyzed the Hungarian curricula for the years 1995, 2001, and 2003 based on records, official documents, administrative texts, and formal reports on curricular structures and applications. They concluded that the process of continuous curricular change has impeded the process of teaching and learning swimming in Hungary and recommend that teachers and local curriculum developers make an effort to integrate the best parts of each curriculum

SURFACE TREATMENT AND EXAMINATION OF GRADE 2 AND GRADE 5 TITANIUM

Surface characteristics play an important role in the implant-bone integration that is required for the long-term reliability of dental and orthopedic implants. In this paper, we investigate the effect of acid etching on the mass reduction and roughness of grade 2 and grade 5 Ti under controlled experimental conditions. Three different etching compounds were investigated: 30% HCl, 85% H3PO4 and the compound of 30% (COOH)2 × 2H2O and 30% H2O2 in various treatment intervals under controlled temperature. Stereo microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, roughness and weight measurements were carried out on the samples. We found that neither 85% H3PO4 nor the compound of 30% (COOH)2 × 2H2O and 30% H2O2 were able to remove the machining marks from the surface of Ti discs in our experimental setting. On the other hand, etching in 30% HCl yielded even surfaces both on Ti grade 2 and 5 discs. We also found that etching at higher temperatures in 30% HCl resulted in significant mass loss

SURFACE TREATMENT AND EXAMINATION OF GRADE 2 AND GRADE 5 TITANIUM

Surface characteristics play an important role in the implant-bone integration that is required for the long-term reliability of dental and orthopedic implants. In this paper, we investigate the effect of acid etching on the mass reduction and roughness of grade 2 and grade 5 Ti under controlled experimental conditions. Three different etching compounds were investigated: 30% HCl, 85% H3PO4 and the compound of 30% (COOH)2 × 2H2O and 30% H2O2 in various treatment intervals under controlled temperature. Stereo microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, roughness and weight measurements were carried out on the samples. We found that neither 85% H3PO4 nor the compound of 30% (COOH)2 × 2H2O and 30% H2O2 were able to remove the machining marks from the surface of Ti discs in our experimental setting. On the other hand, etching in 30% HCl yielded even surfaces both on Ti grade 2 and 5 discs. We also found that etching at higher temperatures in 30% HCl resulted in significant mass loss

A switchable light-input, light-output system modelled and constructed in yeast

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Advances in synthetic biology will require spatio-temporal regulation of biological processes in heterologous host cells. We develop a light-switchable, two-hybrid interaction in yeast, based upon the Arabidopsis proteins PHYTOCHROME A and FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1-LIKE. Light input to this regulatory module allows dynamic control of a light-emitting LUCIFERASE reporter gene, which we detect by real-time imaging of yeast colonies on solid media.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The reversible activation of the phytochrome by red light, and its inactivation by far-red light, is retained. We use this quantitative readout to construct a mathematical model that matches the system's behaviour and predicts the molecular targets for future manipulation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our model, methods and materials together constitute a novel system for a eukaryotic host with the potential to convert a dynamic pattern of light input into a predictable gene expression response. This system could be applied for the regulation of genetic networks - both known and synthetic.</p

Quantitative analysis of regulatory flexibility under changing environmental conditions

The circadian clock controls 24-h rhythms in many biological processes, allowing appropriate timing of biological rhythms relative to dawn and dusk. Known clock circuits include multiple, interlocked feedback loops. Theory suggested that multiple loops contribute the flexibility for molecular rhythms to track multiple phases of the external cycle. Clear dawn- and dusk-tracking rhythms illustrate the flexibility of timing in Ipomoea nil. Molecular clock components in Arabidopsis thaliana showed complex, photoperiod-dependent regulation, which was analysed by comparison with three contrasting models. A simple, quantitative measure, Dusk Sensitivity, was introduced to compare the behaviour of clock models with varying loop complexity. Evening-expressed clock genes showed photoperiod-dependent dusk sensitivity, as predicted by the three-loop model, whereas the one- and two-loop models tracked dawn and dusk, respectively. Output genes for starch degradation achieved dusk-tracking expression through light regulation, rather than a dusk-tracking rhythm. Model analysis predicted which biochemical processes could be manipulated to extend dusk tracking. Our results reveal how an operating principle of biological regulators applies specifically to the plant circadian clock

Differential expression of the brassinosteroid receptor-encoding BRI1 gene in Arabidopsis

Abstract Brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth and development in Arabidopsis depends on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), the BR receptor that is responsible for initiating the events of BR signalling. We analysed the temporal and spatial regulation of BRI1 expression using stable transgenic lines that carried BRI1 promoter:reporter fusions. In both seedlings and mature plants the tissues undergoing elongation or differentiation showed elevated BRI1 gene activity, and it could be demonstrated that in the hypocotyl this was accompanied by accumulation of the BRI1 transcript and its receptor protein product. In seedlings the BRI1 promoter was also found to be under diurnal regulation, determined primarily by light repression and a superimposed circadian control. To determine the functional importance of transcriptional regulation we complemented the severely BR insensitive bri1-101 mutant with a BRI1-luciferase fusion construct that was driven by promoters with contrasting specificities. Whereas the BRI1 promoter-driven transgene fully restored the wild phenotype, expression from the photosynthesisassociated CAB3 and the vasculature-specific SUC2 and ATHB8 promoters resulted in plants with varying morphogenic defects. Our results reveal complex differential regulation of BRI1 expression, and suggest that by influencing the distribution and abundance of the receptor this regulation can enhance or attenuate BR signalling

WNT activation by lithium abrogates TP53 mutation associated radiation resistance in medulloblastoma

TP53 mutations confer subgroup specific poor survival for children with medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that WNT activation which is associated with improved survival for such children abrogates TP53 related radioresistance and can be used to sensitize TP53 mutant tumors for radiation. We examined the subgroup-specific role of TP53 mutations in a cohort of 314 patients treated with radiation. TP53 wild-type or mutant human medulloblastoma cell-lines and normal neural stem cells were used to test radioresistance of TP53 mutations and the radiosensitizing effect of WNT activation on tumors and the developing brain. Children with WNT/TP53 mutant medulloblastoma had higher 5-year survival than those with SHH/TP53 mutant tumours (100% and 36.6% +/- 8.7%, respectively (p < 0.001)). Introduction of TP53 mutation into medulloblastoma cells induced radioresistance (survival fractions at 2Gy (SF2) of 89% +/- 2% vs. 57.4% +/- 1.8% (p < 0.01)). In contrast, beta-catenin mutation sensitized TP53 mutant cells to radiation (p < 0.05). Lithium, an activator of the WNT pathway, sensitized TP53 mutant medulloblastoma to radiation (SF2 of 43.5% +/- 1.5% in lithium treated cells vs. 56.6 +/- 3% (p < 0.01)) accompanied by increased number of.H2AX foci. Normal neural stem cells were protected from lithium induced radiation damage (SF2 of 33% +/- 8% for lithium treated cells vs. 27% +/- 3% for untreated controls (p = 0.05). Poor survival of patients with TP53 mutant medulloblastoma may be related to radiation resistance. Since constitutive activation of the WNT pathway by lithium sensitizes TP53 mutant medulloblastoma cells and protect normal neural stem cells from radiation, this oral drug may represent an attractive novel therapy for high-risk medulloblastomas.B.R.A.I.N Child Canada; Cancer Research UK; Brain Tumour Charity; Hungarian Brain Research Program [KTIA_13_NAP-A-V/3]; Janos Bolyai Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences [TAMOP-4.2.2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0025]; German Cancer Aid/Dr. Mildred Scheel Foundation for Cancer Research; Cure Childhood Cancer Foundation; St. Baldrick's Foundation; Southeastern Brain Tumor Foundation; Action Medical Research; [CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101]; [CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0183

Presentations of children to emergency departments across Europe and the COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational observational study

During the initial phase of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, reduced numbers of acutely ill or injured children presented to emergency departments (EDs). Concerns were raised about the potential for delayed and more severe presentations and an increase in diagnoses such as diabetic ketoacidosis and mental health issues. This multinational observational study aimed to study the number of children presenting to EDs across Europe during the early COVID-19 pandemic and factors influencing this and to investigate changes in severity of illness and diagnoses. Routine health data were extracted retrospectively from electronic patient records of children aged 18 years and under, presenting to 38 EDs in 16 European countries for the period January 2018 to May 2020, using predefined and standardized data domains. Observed and predicted numbers of ED attendances were calculated for the period February 2020 to May 2020. Poisson models and incidence rate ratios (IRRs), using predicted counts for each site as offset to adjust for case-mix differences, were used to compare age groups, diagnoses, and outcomes. Reductions in pediatric ED attendances, hospital admissions, and high triage urgencies were seen in all participating sites. ED attendances were relatively higher in countries with lower SARS-CoV-2 prevalence (IRR 2·26, 95% CI 1·90 to 2·70, p < 0.001) and in children aged <12 months (12 to <24 months IRR 0·86, 95% CI 0·84 to 0·89; 2 to <5 years IRR 0·80, 95% CI 0·78 to 0·82; 5 to <12 years IRR 0·68, 95% CI 0·67 to 0·70; 12 to 18 years IRR 0·72, 95% CI 0·70 to 0·74; versus age <12 months as reference group, p < 0.001). The lowering of pediatric intensive care admissions was not as great as that of general admissions (IRR 1·30, 95% CI 1·16 to 1·45, p < 0.001). Lower triage urgencies were reduced more than higher triage urgencies (urgent triage IRR 1·10, 95% CI 1·08 to 1·12; emergent and very urgent triage IRR 1·53, 95% CI 1·49 to 1·57; versus nonurgent triage category, p < 0.001). Reductions were highest and sustained throughout the study period for children with communicable infectious diseases. The main limitation was the retrospective nature of the study, using routine clinical data from a wide range of European hospitals and health systems. Reductions in ED attendances were seen across Europe during the first COVID-19 lockdown period. More severely ill children continued to attend hospital more frequently compared to those with minor injuries and illnesses, although absolute numbers fell. ISRCTN91495258 https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN91495258

Agressivité dans les sports de combat

Différence entre agressivité et combativité dans les sports de combat, à travers une étude menée sur des escrimeurs, des judokas et des lutteurs de haut niveau

Effectiveness of Cephalosporins in the Sputum of Patients with Nosocomial Bronchopneumonia

Nosocomial bronchopneumonia is a frequent complication in patients with chronic intratracheal intubation. Despite targeted antibiotic treatment, production of abundant bronchial secretion containing pathogen bacteria often tends to be chronic, and so mortality drastically increases. This problem led to an investigation of the penetration of five cephalosporin antibiotics into the sputum. Serum and sputum were collected from 24 chronically intubated patients having purulent nosocomial bronchopneumonia treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). Patients received the following doses intravenously every 24 h: five received 70 mg/kg of body weight cefuroxime, four received 110 mg/kg cefamandole, six received 80 mg/kg ceftriaxone, four received 80 mg/kg ceftazidime, and five received 80 mg/kg cefepime. Antibiotic concentrations in the serum and sputum were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. MICs were determined for bacteria isolated from the purulent bronchial secretions. The mean levels of the cephalosporins in the sputum did not reach the MICs for the bacteria isolated from the same samples. Ceftriaxone was the only one of the investigated five cephalosporins that had a measurable concentration in the sputum (1.4 ± 1.2 mg/liter). The low concentration of antibiotics in the purulent tracheobronchial secretion can be one of the many reasons for ineffective therapy of nosocomial bronchopneumonia in intubated patients in the ICUs. In the case of intubated or mechanically ventilated patients having chronic bronchopneumonia, determination of drug concentration in the bronchial secretion might be considered when selecting an antibiotic for treatment