35 research outputs found
Comparison of Subjective Responses to Oral and Intravenous Alcohol Administration under Similar Systemic Exposures
Objective
To test whether an individual's subjective responses to alcohol are similar when the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) trajectory resulting from oral administration is matched by intravenous administration.
Background
Individuals perceive the effects of alcohol differently, and the variation is commonly used in research assessing the risk for developing an alcohol use disorder. Such research is supported by both oral and intravenous alcohol administration techniques, and any differences attributable to the route employed should be understood.
Methods
We conducted a 2âsession, withinâsubject study in 44 young adult, healthy, nonâdependent drinkers (22 females and 22 males). In the first session, subjects ingested a dose of alcohol which was individually calculated, on the basis of total body water, to yield a peak BrAC near 80 mg/dl, and the resulting BrAC trajectory was recorded. A few days later, subjects received an intravenous alcohol infusion rate profile, preâcomputed to replicate each individual's oral alcohol BrAC trajectory. In both sessions, we assessed 4 subjective responses to alcohol: SEDATION, SIMULATION, INTOXICATION, and HIGH; at baseline and frequently for 4 hours. We compared the individualsâ baselineâcorrected responses at peak BrAC and at halfâpeak BrAC on both the ascending and descending limbs. We also computed and compared Pearsonâproduct moment correlations of responses by route of administration, the Mellanby measure of acute adaptation to alcohol, and the area under the entire response curve for each subjective response.
Results
No significant differences in any measure could be attributed to the route of alcohol administration. Eleven of 12 response comparisons were significantly correlated across the routes of alcohol administration, with 9 surviving correction for multiple measures, as did the Mellanby effect and area under the response curve correlations.
Conclusion
The route of alcohol administration has a minimal effect on subjective responses to alcohol when an individual's BrAC exposure profiles are similar
Hydraulik von BypĂ€ssen fĂŒr den Fischabstieg
Aufsatz veröffentlicht in: "Wasserbau-Symposium 2021: Wasserbau in Zeiten von Energiewende, GewÀsserschutz und Klimawandel, Zurich, Switzerland, September 15-17, 2021, Band 2" veröffentlicht unter: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-00049975
Binge and High-Intensity Drinking â Associations with Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration and Underlying Risk Factors
Some styles of alcohol consumption are riskier than others. How the level and rate of alcohol exposure contribute to the increased risk of alcohol use disorder is unclear, but likely depends on the alcohol concentration time course. We hypothesized that the brain is sensitive to the alcohol concentration rate of change and that people at greater risk would self-administer faster. We developed a novel intravenous alcohol self-administration paradigm to allow participants direct and reproducible control over how quickly their breath alcohol concentration changes. We used drinking intensity and the density of biological family history of alcohol dependence as proxies for risk. Thirty-five alcohol drinking participants aged 21-28 years provided analytical data from a single, intravenous alcohol self-administration session using our computer-assisted alcohol infusion system rate control paradigm. A shorter time to reach 80 mg/dl was associated with increasing multiples of the binge drinking definition (p = 0.004), which was in turn related to higher density of family history of alcoholism (FHD, p = 0.04). Rate-dependent changes in subjective response (intoxication and stimulation) were also associated with FHD (each p = 0.001). Subsequently, given the limited sample size and FHD range, associations between multiples of the binge drinking definition and FHD were replicated and extended in analyses of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism database. The rate control paradigm models binge and high-intensity drinking in the laboratory and provides a novel way to examine the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alcohol and potentially the risk for the development of alcohol use disorders
Mobility in a Globalised World 2015
The term mobility has different meanings in the following science disciplines. In economics, mobility is the ability of an individual or a group to improve their economic status in relation to income and wealth within their lifetime or between generations. In information systems and computer science, mobility is used for the concept of mobile computing, in which a computer is transported by a person during normal use. Logistics creates by the design of logistics networks the infrastructure for the mobility of people and goods. Electric mobility is one of todayâs solutions from engineering perspective to reduce the need of energy resources and environmental impact. Moreover, for urban planning, mobility is the crunch question about how to optimise the different needs for mobility and how to link different transportation systems.
In this publication we collected the ideas of practitioners, researchers, and government officials regarding the different modes of mobility in a globalised world, focusing on both domestic and international issues
Modulation of Dormancy and Growth Responses in Reproductive Buds of Temperate Trees
During autumn perennial trees cease growth and form structures called buds in order to protect meristems from the unfavorable environmental conditions, including low temperature and desiccation. In addition to increased tolerance to these abiotic stresses, reproductive buds modulate developmental programs leading to dormancy induction to avoid premature growth resumption, and flowering pathways. Stress tolerance, dormancy, and flowering processes are thus physically and temporarily restricted to a bud, and consequently forced to interact at the regulatory level. We review recent genomic, genetic, and molecular contributions to the knowledge of these three processes in trees, highlighting the role of epigenetic modifications, phytohormones, and common regulatory factors. Finally, we emphasize the utility of transcriptomic approaches for the identification of key structural and regulatory genes involved in bud processes, illustrated with our own experience using peach as a model
Hydraulic performance of fish guidance structures with curved bars â Part 1: head loss assessment
The hydraulic performance of fish guidance structures such as louvres and angled bar racks is an important design criterion to achieve high fish guidance efficiencies with a minimum impact on hydropower production. The current geometrical designs of such structures result in high head losses and asymmetric turbine admission flow and hence need to be optimized. We therefore developed an innovative curved bar design for fish guidance structures and experimentally investigated different rack configurations in a laboratory flume. The present paper (Part I) focuses on the hydraulic performance of the novel curved-bar racks with regard to head losses, while in the companion paper (Part II) we report the results on the flow fields. The effects of the main rack angle, bar angle, bar spacing, bar depth, and top or/and bottom overlays were systematically studied. The curved bar shape leads to significantly lower head losses compared to straight bar shapes. An existing head loss prediction formula was extended to account for the new bar shape and the application of overlays.ISSN:0022-1686ISSN:1814-207
Hydraulic performance of fish guidance structures with curved bars â Part 2: flow fields
The current geometric designs of fish guidance structures with vertical bars for run-of-river hydropower plants result in high head losses and asymmetric turbine admission flow. To address these issues, we develop innovative curved bar designs and experimentally investigate different rack configurations with curved bars in a laboratory flume. The present paper (Part II) focuses on the hydraulic performance of the novel curved bar designs with regard to flow fields, while the companion paper (Part I) reports the results on the head losses. The detailed flow fields obtained by 3D velocity measurements show that the curved bars promote flow conditions favourable for both fish guidance and turbine operation. The flow straightening effect of the curved bars leads to quasi-symmetrical turbine admission flow and reduced head losses. The findings are discussed with regard to fish protection and guidance, and optimal engineering application.ISSN:0022-1686ISSN:1814-207