Le traitement des billets : l’évolution de la réglementation et du recyclage par le secteur privé en France.

Depuis le passage à l’euro fiduciaire, une réglementation relative au recyclage des billets par le secteur privé a progressivement été mise en place, avec comme objectif d’assurer une haute qualité et une égale protection de la monnaie unique dans l’ensemble de la zone euro. Dans ce contexte, le traitement et la remise en circulation des billets par le secteur privé se sont développés.billets, recyclage, décret, décision de la Banque centrale européenne, décision du gouverneur.

Linking initial soil bacterial diversity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation potential

International audienc

Occurence of barred knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Oplegnathidae), in Malta (Central Mediterranean) with a discussion on possible modes of entry

The barred knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck et Schlegel, 1844), a species native to the North Western and Eastern Central Pacific, is recorded from the central Mediterranean for the first time. Two individuals were photographed within a month of each other in Grand Harbour and in Marsamxett Harbour, Malta. It seems likely that the fish were introduced by shipping and different scenarios how this may have happened are discussed.peer-reviewe

Integração e visualisação de indicadores de urban sprawl e aquecimento urbano num contexto de soluções baseadas na natureza

Cities are facing an increasing number of challenges as a result of rapid global urbanization, challenges that become even more critical in the face of population growth and climate change. Two major ones include urban sprawl and urban heating, namely the un-controlled low density, leapfrog and scattered development at the urban fringe and the higher temperatures in urban areas than in the rural surroundings. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), solutions inspired or supported by nature, offer an innovative way to deal with these challenges and mitigate their harmful consequences. Indeed, NBS provide aesthetic services and attract residents while, at the same time, providing regulating and recreational services. Nevertheless, there is a need to show the effectiveness of NBS through evidence-based approaches and relevant indicators. The objective of this study is to provide policy-relevant visualisations of urban sprawl and urban heating indicators to provide information, communication and analysis support for decision-making around NBS establishment, taking the city of Eindhoven in the Netherlands as a case study. To this end, relevant indicators are selected from the literature and according to data available from the two disciplinary models used to assess urban sprawl (SULD) and urban heating (WRF-SUEWS) and, in turn, a user interface (UI) is developed to visualise these indicators in a user-friendly and understandable way. The UI is developed following a designimplementation- evaluation cycle, as it was tested and evaluated three times by pilot end-users as well as actual stakeholders in Eindhoven. Results show that complex model results rendered in a simple way at different scales (plot, neighbourhood and city) provide relevant information on the multiple impacts of NBS for stakeholders as well as the first step towards the apprehension of the interrelated impacts of NBS in cities. These results serve, in addition, as inputs for the development of the Systemic Decision Support Tool (SDST) of the UNaLab project (funded under the European Union Horizon 2020)A crescente urbanização global gera inúmeros desafios às cidades, especialmente devido aos cenários de crescimento populacional e alterações climáticas. O aquecimento global e o fenómeno de urban sprawl constituem dois dos maiores desafios, nomeadamente através de uma expansão descontrolada e fragmentada na periferia urbana e em contextos rurais assim como o aumento de temperatura nas zonas urbanas. Soluções Baseadas na Natureza (SBN) apresentam-se como alternativas inovadoras que são inspiradas ou suportadas pela natureza, sendo capazes de lidar com os desafios e mitigar consequências negativas. De facto, as SBN podem ser consideradas amenidades ambientais que atraem a população para viver perto destes espaços, para além de providenciarem espaços com potencial efeito amenizante e recreativo. No entanto, existe ainda uma necessidade de comprovar a eficiência das SBS através de abordagens integradas, nomeadamente através de indicadores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em fornecer evidências sobre indicadores de aquecimento urbano e urban sprawl de forma a suportar o processo de tomada de decisão relativamente à implementação, comunicação e avaliação de SBN. Com este fim, a cidade de Eindhoven, na Holanda, é utilizada como caso de estudo. Assim sendo, indicadores existentes na literatura considerados relevantes foram selecionados e dois modelos foram utilizados para avaliar fenómenos de aquecimento urbano e de urban sprawl (WRFSUEWS e SULD), para posterior desenvolvimento de uma interface de utilizador destinada à visualização dos indicadores. Esta interface foi desenvolvida segundo um ciclo de design-implementation-evaluation, que foi testado três vezes por utilizadores piloto e partes-interessadas em Eindhoven. Os resultados mostram que o modelo utilizado reúne e fornece informação fundamental para a discussão de futuros impactos de SBNMestrado em Estudos Ambientai

Draft Genome Sequences of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strains Sm32COP, Sm41DVV, Sm46PAILV, SmF3, SmF22, SmSOFb1, and SmCVFa1, Isolated from Different Manures in France: TABLE 1

International audienceStenotrophomonas maltophilia is a major opportunistic human pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of Sm32COP, Sm41DVV, Sm46PAILV, SmF3, SmF22, SmSOFb1, and SmCVFa1, isolated from different manures in France, which provide insights into the genetic determinism of intrinsic or acquired antibiotic resistance in this species. Citation Bodilis J, Youenou B, Briolay J, Brothier E, Favre-Bonté S, Nazaret S. 2016. Draft genome sequences of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains Sm32COP, Sm41DVV, Sm46PAILV, SmF3, SmF22, SmSOFb1, and SmCVFa1, isolated from different manures in France

Variable Copy Number, Intra-Genomic Heterogeneities and Lateral Transfers of the 16S rRNA Gene in Pseudomonas

Even though the 16S rRNA gene is the most commonly used taxonomic marker in microbial ecology, its poor resolution is still not fully understood at the intra-genus level. In this work, the number of rRNA gene operons, intra-genomic heterogeneities and lateral transfers were investigated at a fine-scale resolution, throughout the Pseudomonas genus. In addition to nineteen sequenced Pseudomonas strains, we determined the 16S rRNA copy number in four other Pseudomonas strains by Southern hybridization and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, and studied the intra-genomic heterogeneities by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and sequencing. Although the variable copy number (from four to seven) seems to be correlated with the evolutionary distance, some close strains in the P. fluorescens lineage showed a different number of 16S rRNA genes, whereas all the strains in the P. aeruginosa lineage displayed the same number of genes (four copies). Further study of the intra-genomic heterogeneities revealed that most of the Pseudomonas strains (15 out of 19 strains) had at least two different 16S rRNA alleles. A great difference (5 or 19 nucleotides, essentially grouped near the V1 hypervariable region) was observed only in two sequenced strains. In one of our strains studied (MFY30 strain), we found a difference of 12 nucleotides (grouped in the V3 hypervariable region) between copies of the 16S rRNA gene. Finally, occurrence of partial lateral transfers of the 16S rRNA gene was further investigated in 1803 full-length sequences of Pseudomonas available in the databases. Remarkably, we found that the two most variable regions (the V1 and V3 hypervariable regions) had probably been laterally transferred from another evolutionary distant Pseudomonas strain for at least 48.3 and 41.6% of the 16S rRNA sequences, respectively. In conclusion, we strongly recommend removing these regions of the 16S rRNA gene during the intra-genus diversity studies

Age and growth of the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834) in an exploited population of the western Mediterranean Sea

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Defining the Pseudomonas Genus: Where Do We Draw the Line with Azotobacter?

The genus Pseudomonas has gone through many taxonomic revisions over the past 100 years, going from a very large and diverse group of bacteria to a smaller, more refined and ordered list having specific properties. The relationship of the Pseudomonas genus to Azotobacter vinelandii is examined using three genomic sequence-based methods. First, using 16S rRNA trees, it is shown that A. vinelandii groups within the Pseudomonas close to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genomes from other related organisms (Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, and Cellvibrio) are outside the Pseudomonas cluster. Second, pan genome family trees based on conserved gene families also show A. vinelandii to be more closely related to Pseudomonas than other related organisms. Third, exhaustive BLAST comparisons demonstrate that the fraction of shared genes between A. vinelandii and Pseudomonas genomes is similar to that of Pseudomonas species with each other. The results of these different methods point to a high similarity between A. vinelandii and the Pseudomonas genus, suggesting that Azotobacter might actually be a Pseudomonas