Actividades prácticas en el contexto de las bebidas y competencia científica

Activitats pràctiques en el context de les begudes i competència científica. Les activitats pràctiques constitueixen una de les característiques distintives de l'ensenyament de la química. La introducció de les competències bàsiques com a referent curricular obliga a analitzar i repensar la finalitat d'aquest tipus d'activitats. En aquest article es descriuen diversos tipus d'activitats pràctiques dissenyades en el context de les begudes (en concret, sobre elaboració de vi) i s'analitza la seva contribució al desenvolupament de la competència científica en l'educació secundària obligatòria.Practical activities in the context drinks and scientific expertise. Practical work is one of the distinctive features of teaching chemistry. The introduction of key competences as reference to the curriculum forces us to analyse and to rethink their objectives. In this paper different kinds of practical work designed within the context of beverages (in particular, about about wine making) are described. Their contribution to the development of scientific competence in the compulsory secondary education is discussed.Las actividades prácticas constituyen una de las características distintivas de la enseñanza de la química. La introducción de las competencias básicas como referente curricular obliga a analizar y repensar la finalidad de las mismas. En este artículo se describen diversos tipos de actividades prácticas diseñadas en el contexto de las bebidas (en concreto, sobre elaboración de vino) y se analiza su contribución al desarrollo de la competencia científica en la educación secundaria obligatoria

How are riparian plants distributed along the riverbank topographic gradient in Mediterranean rivers? Application to minimally altered river stretches in Southern Spain.

Species structure and composition in Mediterranean riparian forests are determined by hydrological features, longitudinal zonation, and riverbank topography. This study assesses the distribution of four native riparian plants along the riverbank topographic gradient in three river stretches in southern Spain, with special emphasis on the occupation of adult and young feet of each species. The studied stretches suffered minimal human disturbances, displayed semi-arid conditions, and had wide riparian areas to allow the development of the target species: black alder (Alnus glutinosa), salvia leaf willow (Salix salviifolia), narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), and oleander (Nerium oleander). Thalweg height was used to define the riverbank topographic gradient. The results showed a preferential zone for black alder and salvia leaf willow in the range of 0-150 cm from the channel thalweg, with adult alders and willows being more common between 51 and 150 cm and young alders being more common under 50 cm. Conversely, narrow-leafed ash and oleander were much more frequent, and showed greater development, in the ranges of 151-200 cm and 201-250 cm, respectively, whereas the young feet of both species covered the entire topographic range. Adult feet of the four species were spatially segregated along the riverbank topographic gradient, indicating their differential ability to cope with water stress from the non-tolerant alders and willows to more tolerant narrow-leafed ash trees and oleanders. Young feet, however, showed a strategy more closely linked to the initial availability of colonisation sites within riparian areas to the dispersion strategy of each species and to the distribution of adult feet. In Mediterranean areas, where riparian management has traditionally faced great challenges, the incorporation of species preferences along riverbank gradients could improve the performance of restoration projects

First record of Trithemis kirbyi Sélys, 1891 in Catalonia (Odonata, Libellulidae)

Trithemis kirbyi Sélys, 1891 is a native species from Africa and southern Asia, typically found in arid areas

Presencia de la familia Helicopsychidae (Trichoptera) en la mitad meridional de España peninsular

La familia Helicopsychidae Ulmer, 1906, cuesta con unas 250 especies distribuidas por todo el mundo y pertenecientes en casi su totalidad al género Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856, salvo una especie endémica de Nueva Zelanda: Rakiura vernale McFarlane, 1973

Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl phosphines reflecting the influence of phosphorus lone pair orientation on spectroscopic properties

A series of new triazolopyridine-based phosphines has been prepared. These compounds revealed unexpected spectroscopic patterns. In particular, the NMR spectra are highly dependent on the relative conformational preference of the phosphine substituent at C7. Here, we report on their complete NMR analysis, X-ray structures and DFT calculations that confirm the particular arrangement of the phosphorus lone pair orbital related to the substituent pattern of the chosen phosphine. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Peer Reviewe

Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction

[EN] Understanding the nature of pathogen host interaction may help improve strawberry (Fragaria x anahassa) cultivars. Plant resistance to pathogenic agents usually operates through a complex network of defense mechanisms mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. In strawberry, resistance to a variety of pathogens has been reported to be mostly polygenic and quantitatively inherited, making it difficult to associate molecular markers with disease resistance genes. Colletotrichum acutaturn spp. is a major strawberry pathogen, and completely resistant cultivars have not been reported. Moreover, strawberry defense network components and mechanisms remain largely unknown and poorly understood. Assessment of the strawberry response to C. acutatum included a global transcript analysis, and acidic hormones SA and JA measurements were analyzed after challenge with the pathogen. Induction of transcripts corresponding to the SA and JA signaling pathways and key genes controlling major steps within these defense pathways was detected. Accordingly, SA and JA accumulated in strawberry after infection. Contrastingly, induction of several important SA, JA, and oxidative stress-responsive defense genes, including FaPR1-1, FaLOX2, FaJAR1, FaPDF1, and FaGST1, was not detected, which suggests that specific branches in these defense pathways (those leading to FaPR1-2, FaPR2-1, FaPR2-2, FaAOS, FaPR5, and FaPR10) were activated. Our results reveal that specific aspects in SA and JA dependent signaling pathways are activated in strawberry upon interaction with C. acutatum. Certain described defense-associated transcripts related to these two known signaling pathways do not increase in abundance following infection. This finding suggests new insight into a specific putative molecular strategy for defense against this pathogen.Authors are grateful to Dr. JM Lopez-Aranda (IFAPA-Centro de Churriana) for providing micropropagated strawberry plants and to Nicolas Garcia-Caparros for technical assistance. Authors also want to thank Kevin M. Folta for his insightful comments on the paper. This work was supported by Junta de Andalucia, Spain [Proyectos de Excelencia P07-AGR-02482/P12-AGR-2174, and grants to Grupo-BIO278].Amil-Ruiz, F.; Garrido-Gala, J.; Gadea Vacas, J.; Blanco-Portales, R.; Munoz-Merida, A.; Trelles, O.; De Los Santos, B.... (2016). Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7(1036). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01036S71036Acosta, I. F., & Farmer, E. E. (2010). Jasmonates. The Arabidopsis Book, 8, e0129. doi:10.1199/tab.0129Al-Shahrour, F., Diaz-Uriarte, R., & Dopazo, J. (2004). FatiGO: a web tool for finding significant associations of Gene Ontology terms with groups of genes. Bioinformatics, 20(4), 578-580. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg455Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403-410. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80360-2Amil-Ruiz, F., Blanco-Portales, R., Muñoz-Blanco, J., & Caballero, J. L. (2011). The Strawberry Plant Defense Mechanism: A Molecular Review. Plant and Cell Physiology, 52(11), 1873-1903. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcr136Amil-Ruiz, F., Garrido-Gala, J., Blanco-Portales, R., Folta, K. M., Muñoz-Blanco, J., & Caballero, J. L. (2013). Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Transcript Normalization in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Defense Responses. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e70603. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070603Arroyo, F. T., Moreno, J., García-Herdugo, G., Santos, B. D. los, Barrau, C., Porras, M., … Romero, F. (2005). Ultrastructure of the early stages of Colletotrichum acutatum infection of strawberry tissues. Canadian Journal of Botany, 83(5), 491-500. doi:10.1139/b05-022Ashburner, M., Ball, C. A., Blake, J. A., Botstein, D., Butler, H., Cherry, J. M., … Sherlock, G. (2000). Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nature Genetics, 25(1), 25-29. doi:10.1038/75556Aviv, D. H., Rustérucci, C., Iii, B. F. H., Dietrich, R. A., Parker, J. E., & Dangl, J. L. (2002). Runaway cell death, but not basal disease resistance, inlsd1is SA- andNIM1/NPR1-dependent. The Plant Journal, 29(3), 381-391. doi:10.1046/j.0960-7412.2001.01225.xBak, S., Beisson, F., Bishop, G., Hamberger, B., Höfer, R., Paquette, S., & Werck-Reichhart, D. (2011). Cytochromes P450. The Arabidopsis Book, 9, e0144. doi:10.1199/tab.0144Baniwal, S. K., Bharti, K., Chan, K. Y., Fauth, M., Ganguli, A., Kotak, S., … von Koskull-DÖring, P. (2004). Heat stress response in plants: a complex game with chaperones and more than twenty heat stress transcription factors. Journal of Biosciences, 29(4), 471-487. doi:10.1007/bf02712120Bhattacharjee, S. (2012). The Language of Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Plants. Journal of Botany, 2012, 1-22. doi:10.1155/2012/985298Birkenbihl, R. P., Diezel, C., & Somssich, I. E. (2012). Arabidopsis WRKY33 Is a Key Transcriptional Regulator of Hormonal and Metabolic Responses toward Botrytis cinerea Infection. Plant Physiology, 159(1), 266-285. doi:10.1104/pp.111.192641Caarls, L., Pieterse, C. M. J., & Van Wees, S. C. M. (2015). How salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00170Casado-Díaz, A., Encinas-Villarejo, S., Santos, B. de los, Schilirò, E., Yubero-Serrano, E.-M., Amil-Ruíz, F., … Caballero, J.-L. (2006). Analysis of strawberry genes differentially expressed in response to Colletotrichum infection. Physiologia Plantarum, 128(4), 633-650. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00798.xCharng, Y., Liu, H., Liu, N., Chi, W., Wang, C., Chang, S., & Wang, T. (2006). A Heat-Inducible Transcription Factor, HsfA2, Is Required for Extension of Acquired Thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 143(1), 251-262. doi:10.1104/pp.106.091322Chung, S. H., Rosa, C., Scully, E. D., Peiffer, M., Tooker, J. F., Hoover, K., … Felton, G. W. (2013). Herbivore exploits orally secreted bacteria to suppress plant defenses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(39), 15728-15733. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308867110Curry, K. J., Abril, M., Avant, J. B., & Smith, B. J. (2002). Strawberry Anthracnose: Histopathology of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. fragariae. Phytopathology®, 92(10), 1055-1063. doi:10.1094/phyto.2002.92.10.1055Debode, J., Van Hemelrijck, W., Baeyen, S., Creemers, P., Heungens, K., & Maes, M. (2009). Quantitative detection and monitoring ofColletotrichum acutatumin strawberry leaves using real-time PCR. Plant Pathology, 58(3), 504-514. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01987.xDempsey, D. A., & Klessig, D. F. (2012). SOS – too many signals for systemic acquired resistance? Trends in Plant Science, 17(9), 538-545. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.05.011Dodds, P. N., & Rathjen, J. P. (2010). Plant immunity: towards an integrated view of plant–pathogen interactions. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(8), 539-548. doi:10.1038/nrg2812Doehlemann, G., Wahl, R., Horst, R. J., Voll, L. M., Usadel, B., Poree, F., … Kämper, J. (2008). Reprogramming a maize plant: transcriptional and metabolic changes induced by the fungal biotroph Ustilago maydis. The Plant Journal, 56(2), 181-195. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03590.xDong, X. (2004). NPR1, all things considered. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7(5), 547-552. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2004.07.005Durgbanshi, A., Arbona, V., Pozo, O., Miersch, O., Sancho, J. V., & Gómez-Cadenas, A. (2005). Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Phytohormones in Plant Extracts by Liquid Chromatography−Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(22), 8437-8442. doi:10.1021/jf050884bEl Oirdi, M., El Rahman, T. A., Rigano, L., El Hadrami, A., Rodriguez, M. C., Daayf, F., … Bouarab, K. (2011). Botrytis cinerea Manipulates the Antagonistic Effects between Immune Pathways to Promote Disease Development in Tomato. The Plant Cell, 23(6), 2405-2421. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.083394Encinas-Villarejo, S., Maldonado, A. M., Amil-Ruiz, F., de los Santos, B., Romero, F., Pliego-Alfaro, F., … Caballero, J. L. (2009). Evidence for a positive regulatory role of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) Fa WRKY1 and Arabidopsis At WRKY75 proteins in resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(11), 3043-3065. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp152Freeman, S., Horowitz, S., & Sharon, A. (2001). Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Lifestyles in Colletotrichum acutatum from Strawberry and Other Plants. Phytopathology®, 91(10), 986-992. doi:10.1094/phyto.2001.91.10.986Freeman, S., Katan, T., & Shabi, E. (1998). Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Anthracnose Diseases of Various Fruits. Plant Disease, 82(6), 596-605. doi:10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.596Gfeller, A., Dubugnon, L., Liechti, R., & Farmer, E. E. (2010). Jasmonate Biochemical Pathway. Science Signaling, 3(109), cm3-cm3. doi:10.1126/scisignal.3109cm3Grellet-Bournonville, C. F., Martinez-Zamora, M. G., Castagnaro, A. P., & Díaz-Ricci, J. C. (2012). Temporal accumulation of salicylic acid activates the defense response against Colletotrichum in strawberry. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 54, 10-16. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.019Guidarelli, M., Carbone, F., Mourgues, F., Perrotta, G., Rosati, C., Bertolini, P., & Baraldi, E. (2011). Colletotrichum acutatum interactions with unripe and ripe strawberry fruits and differential responses at histological and transcriptional levels. Plant Pathology, 60(4), 685-697. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02423.xHeidrich, K., Wirthmueller, L., Tasset, C., Pouzet, C., Deslandes, L., & Parker, J. E. (2011). Arabidopsis EDS1 Connects Pathogen Effector Recognition to Cell Compartment-Specific Immune Responses. Science, 334(6061), 1401-1404. doi:10.1126/science.1211641Horowitz, S., Freeman, S., & Sharon, A. (2002). Use of Green Fluorescent Protein-Transgenic Strains to Study Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Lifestyles in Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology®, 92(7), 743-749. doi:10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.743Ikeda, M., Mitsuda, N., & Ohme-Takagi, M. (2011). Arabidopsis HsfB1 and HsfB2b Act as Repressors of the Expression of Heat-Inducible Hsfs But Positively Regulate the Acquired Thermotolerance. Plant Physiology, 157(3), 1243-1254. doi:10.1104/pp.111.179036Ikeda, M., & Ohme-Takagi, M. (2009). A Novel Group of Transcriptional Repressors in Arabidopsis. Plant and Cell Physiology, 50(5), 970-975. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp048Khan, A. A., & Shih, D. S. (2004). Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of two class II chitinase genes from the strawberry plant. Plant Science, 166(3), 753-762. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.015Krinke, O., Ruelland, E., Valentová, O., Vergnolle, C., Renou, J.-P., Taconnat, L., … Zachowski, A. (2007). Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Activation Is an Early Response to Salicylic Acid in Arabidopsis Suspension Cells. Plant Physiology, 144(3), 1347-1359. doi:10.1104/pp.107.100842Kubigsteltig, I., Laudert, D., & Weiler, E. W. (1999). Structure and regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana allene oxide synthase gene. Planta, 208(4), 463-471. doi:10.1007/s004250050583Leandro, L. F. S., Gleason, M. L., Nutter, F. W., Wegulo, S. N., & Dixon, P. M. (2001). Germination and Sporulation of Colletotrichum acutatum on Symptomless Strawberry Leaves. Phytopathology®, 91(7), 659-664. doi:10.1094/phyto.2001.91.7.659Leon-Reyes, A., Van der Does, D., De Lange, E. S., Delker, C., Wasternack, C., Van Wees, S. C. M., … Pieterse, C. M. J. (2010). Salicylate-mediated suppression of jasmonate-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis is targeted downstream of the jasmonate biosynthesis pathway. Planta, 232(6), 1423-1432. doi:10.1007/s00425-010-1265-zLi, J., Brader, G., Kariola, T., & Tapio Palva, E. (2006). WRKY70 modulates the selection of signaling pathways in plant defense. The Plant Journal, 46(3), 477-491. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02712.xLi, J., Brader, G., & Palva, E. T. (2004). The WRKY70 Transcription Factor: A Node of Convergence for Jasmonate-Mediated and Salicylate-Mediated Signals in Plant Defense. The Plant Cell, 16(2), 319-331. doi:10.1105/tpc.016980Liu, P.-P., von Dahl, C. C., Park, S.-W., & Klessig, D. F. (2011). Interconnection between Methyl Salicylate and Lipid-Based Long-Distance Signaling during the Development of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis and Tobacco. Plant Physiology, 155(4), 1762-1768. doi:10.1104/pp.110.171694Lodha, T. D., & Basak, J. (2011). Plant–Pathogen Interactions: What Microarray Tells About It? Molecular Biotechnology, 50(1), 87-97. doi:10.1007/s12033-011-9418-2López-Ráez, J. A., Verhage, A., Fernández, I., García, J. M., Azcón-Aguilar, C., Flors, V., & Pozo, M. J. (2010). Hormonal and transcriptional profiles highlight common and differential host responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the regulation of the oxylipin pathway. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(10), 2589-2601. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq089Maas, J. L. (Ed.). (1998). Compendium of Strawberry Diseases, Second Edition. doi:10.1094/9780890546178Makowski, R. M. D., & Mortensen, K. (1998). Latent infections and penetration of the bioherbicide agent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae in non-target field crops under controlled environmental conditions. Mycological Research, 102(12), 1545-1552. doi:10.1017/s0953756298006960Maleck, K., Levine, A., Eulgem, T., Morgan, A., Schmid, J., Lawton, K. A., … Dietrich, R. A. (2000). The transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana during systemic acquired resistance. Nature Genetics, 26(4), 403-410. doi:10.1038/82521Marcel, S., Sawers, R., Oakeley, E., Angliker, H., & Paszkowski, U. (2010). Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The Plant Cell, 22(9), 3177-3187. doi:10.1105/tpc.110.078048Ndamukong, I., Abdallat, A. A., Thurow, C., Fode, B., Zander, M., Weigel, R., & Gatz, C. (2007). SA-inducible Arabidopsis glutaredoxin interacts with TGA factors and suppresses JA-responsive PDF1.2 transcription. The Plant Journal, 50(1), 128-139. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03039.xPajerowska-Mukhtar, K. M., Wang, W., Tada, Y., Oka, N., Tucker, C. L., Fonseca, J. P., & Dong, X. (2012). The HSF-like Transcription Factor TBF1 Is a Major Molecular Switch for Plant Growth-to-Defense Transition. Current Biology, 22(2), 103-112. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.015Pe�a-Cort�s, H., Barrios, P., Dorta, F., Polanco, V., S�nchez, C., S�nchez, E., & Ram�rez, I. (2004). Involvement of Jasmonic Acid and Derivatives in Plant Response to Pathogen and Insects and in Fruit Ripening. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 23(3), 246-260. doi:10.1007/s00344-004-0035-1Pernas, M., Ryan, E., & Dolan, L. (2010). SCHIZORIZA Controls Tissue System Complexity in Plants. Current Biology, 20(9), 818-823. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.062Pieterse, C. M. J., Leon-Reyes, A., Van der Ent, S., & Van Wees, S. C. M. (2009). Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity. Nature Chemical Biology, 5(5), 308-316. doi:10.1038/nchembio.164Rahman, T. A. E., Oirdi, M. E., Gonzalez-Lamothe, R., & Bouarab, K. (2012). Necrotrophic Pathogens Use the Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway to Promote Disease Development in Tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 25(12), 1584-1593. doi:10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0187-rRen, C.-M., Zhu, Q., Gao, B.-D., Ke, S.-Y., Yu, W.-C., Xie, D.-X., & Peng, W. (2008). Transcription Factor WRKY70 Displays Important but No Indispensable Roles in Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid Signaling. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(5), 630-637. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00653.xRietz, S., Stamm, A., Malonek, S., Wagner, S., Becker, D., Medina-Escobar, N., … Parker, J. E. (2011). Different roles of Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) bound to and dissociated from Phytoalexin Deficient4 (PAD4) in Arabidopsis immunity. New Phytologist, 191(1), 107-119. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03675.xRobert-Seilaniantz, A., Grant, M., & Jones, J. D. G. (2011). Hormone Crosstalk in Plant Disease and Defense: More Than Just JASMONATE-SALICYLATE Antagonism. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 49(1), 317-343. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114447Cristina, M., Petersen, M., & Mundy, J. (2010). Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61(1), 621-649. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112252Rouhier, N. (2006). Genome-wide analysis of plant glutaredoxin systems. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(8), 1685-1696. doi:10.1093/jxb/erl001Ruepp, A. (2004). The FunCat, a functional annotation scheme for systematic classification of proteins from whole genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(18), 5539-5545. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh894Rusterucci, C. (2001). The Disease Resistance Signaling Components EDS1 and PAD4 Are Essential Regulators of the Cell Death Pathway Controlled by LSD1 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, 13(10), 2211-2224. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.10.2211Sarowar, S., Zhao, Y., Soria-Guerra, R. E., Ali, S., Zheng, D., Wang, D., & Korban, S. S. (2011). Expression profiles of differentially regulated genes during the early stages of apple flower infection with Erwinia amylovora. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(14), 4851-4861. doi:10.1093/jxb/err147Sasaki, Y. (2001). Monitoring of Methyl Jasmonate-responsive Genes in Arabidopsis by cDNA Macroarray: Self-activation of Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis and Crosstalk with Other Phytohormone Signaling Pathways. DNA Research, 8(4), 153-161. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.4.153Schenk, P. M., Kazan, K., Manners, J. M., Anderson, J. P., Simpson, R. S., Wilson, I. W., … Maclean, D. J. (2003). Systemic Gene Expression in Arabidopsis during an Incompatible Interaction with Alternaria brassicicola. Plant Physiology, 132(2), 999-1010. doi:10.1104/pp.103.021683Simpson, D. W. (1991). Resistance toBotrytis cinereain pistillate genotypes of the cultivated strawberryFragaria ananassa. Journal of Horticultural Science, 66(6), 719-723. doi:10.1080/00221589.1991.11516203Shulaev, V., Sargent, D. J., Crowhurst, R. N., Mockler, T. C., Folkerts, O., Delcher, A. L., … Mane, S. P. (2010). The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca). Nature Genetics, 43(2), 109-116. doi:10.1038/ng.740Song, W. C., Funk, C. D., & Brash, A. R. (1993). Molecular cloning of an allene oxide synthase: a cytochrome P450 specialized for the metabolism of fatty acid hydroperoxides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(18), 8519-8523. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.18.8519Spoel, S. H., & Dong, X. (2012). How do plants achieve immunity? Defence without specialized immune cells. Nature Reviews Immunology, 12(2), 89-100. doi:10.1038/nri3141Spoel, S. H., Johnson, J. S., & Dong, X. (2007). Regulation of tradeoffs between plant defenses against pathogens with different lifestyles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(47), 18842-18847. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708139104Staswick, P. E., & Tiryaki, I. (2004). The Oxylipin Signal Jasmonic Acid Is Activated by an Enzyme That Conjugates It to Isoleucine in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 16(8), 2117-2127. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.023549Ten Hove, C. A., Willemsen, V., de Vries, W. J., van Dijken, A., Scheres, B., & Heidstra, R. (2010). SCHIZORIZA Encodes a Nuclear Factor Regulating Asymmetry of Stem Cell Divisions in the Arabidopsis Root. Current Biology, 20(5), 452-457. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.018Turner, J. G., Ellis, C., & Devoto, A. (2002). The Jasmonate Signal Pathway. The Plant Cell, 14(suppl 1), S153-S164. doi:10.1105/tpc.000679Tusher, V. G., Tibshirani, R., & Chu, G. (2001). Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(9), 5116-5121. doi:10.1073/pnas.091062498Uknes, S., Mauch-Mani, B., Moyer, M., Potter, S., Williams, S., Dincher, S., … Ryals, J. (1992). Acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 4(6), 645-656. doi:10.1105/tpc.4.6.645Vargas, W. A., Martín, J. M. S., Rech, G. E., Rivera, L. P., Benito, E. P., Díaz-Mínguez, J. M., … Sukno, S. A. (2012). Plant Defense Mechanisms Are Activated during Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Development of Colletotricum graminicola in Maize. Plant Physiology, 158(3), 1342-1358. doi:10.1104/pp.111.190397Venugopal, S. C., Jeong, R.-D., Mandal, M. K., Zhu, S., Chandra-Shekara, A. C., Xia, Y., … Kachroo, P. (2009). Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 and Salicylic Acid Act Redundantly to Regulate Resistance Gene-Mediated Signaling. PLoS Genetics, 5(7), e1000545. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000545Vlot, A. C., Liu, P.-P., Cameron, R. K., Park, S.-W., Yang, Y., Kumar, D., … Klessig, D. F. (2008). Identification of likely orthologs of tobacco salicylic acid-binding protein 2 and their role in systemic acquired resistance inArabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal, 56(3), 445-456. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03618.xWang, D., Amornsiripanitch, N., & Dong, X. (2006). A Genomic Approach to Identify Regulatory Nodes in the Transcriptional Network of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Plants. PLoS Pathogens, 2(11), e123. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020123Wang, D. (2005). Induction of Protein Secretory Pathway Is Required for Systemic Acquired Resistance. Science, 308(5724), 1036-1040. doi:10.1126/science.1108791Wang, G.-F., Seabolt, S., Hamdoun, S., Ng, G., Park, J., & Lu, H. (2011). Multiple Roles of WIN3 in Regulating Disease Resistance, Cell Death, and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 156(3), 1508-1519. doi:10.1104/pp.111.176776Wiermer, M., Feys, B. J., & Parker, J. E. (2005). Plant immunity: the EDS1 regulatory node. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 8(4), 383-389. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2005.05.010Windram, O., Madhou, P., McHattie, S., Hill, C., Hickman, R., Cooke, E., … Denby, K. J. (2012). Arabidopsis Defense against Botrytis cinerea: Chronology and Regulation Deciphered by High-Resolution Temporal Transcriptomic Analysis. Th

Evaluating the suitability of several AR devices and tools for industrial applications

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in Industrial Augmented Reality (IAR) due to its prominent role in the ongoing revolution known as Industry 4.0. For companies and industries it is essential to evaluate carefully which of the developed AR-based technologies to adopt, and when, for tasks such as training, maintenance, assistance, and collaborative design. There is also a wide array of hardware and software alternatives on the market, characterized by a significant heterogeneity in terms of functionalities, performance and cost. With this work, our objective is to study and compare some widely available devices and Software Development Kits (SDKs) for AR by leveraging a set of evaluation criteria derived from the actual literature which have been deemed capable to qualify the above assets as suitable for industrial applications. Such criteria include the operative range, robustness, accuracy and stability. Both marker-based and marker-less solutions have been considered, in order to investigate a wide range of possible use cases

Revisiting the use of Live Attenuated viruses as models to study the pathogenesis and the mechanisms involved in protection against African swine fever

Trabajo presentado en el 8th EPIZONE Annual Meeting "Primed for tomorrow", celebrado en Copenhague (Dinamarca) del 23 al 25 de septiembre de 2014.The meeting is entitled: "Primed for tomorrow" and will address the latest developments aimed at monitoring and understanding the evolution, emergence, transmission and spread of epizootic viruses. The focus will remain on the EPIZONE themes aimed at improved disease control through integration and collaboration of research in diagnosis, intervention strategies, risk assessment, surveillance and epidemiology. A stimulating scientific programme will be provided by invited speakers and selected poster and oral presentations describing recent research on epizootic diseases of cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, fish and horses. This meeting builds on previous highly successful EPIZONE meetings and will provide extensive opportunities for networking, scientific exchange and fostering collaboration

Experimental validation of Lyot stop apodization in ground-based coronagraphy

ABSTRACT We show that the use of apodizing functions at the coronagraph Lyot plane may be useful for improving the image contrast of ground-based coronagraphs. An experimental set-up consisting of a tip–tilt mirror, a coronagraph and a low-noiseEMCCDcamerawas implemented at theWilliam Herschel Telescope. Images were taken in the I band, which meant that the D/r0 value was around 10. Experimental results confirm that, for moderately aberrated wavefronts, our instrument works as theoretically expected, and that the contrast value attained is high enough to provide direct detection of faint companions.This research was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under project FIS2012-31079 and the Fundación Séneca of Murcia under projects 15419/PI/10 and 15345/PI/10