Тенденції розвитку системи професійної підготовки вчителів США

У статті досліджуються тенденції та суперечності в професійній діяльності американських вчителів; глобалізація професійної підготовки вчителів; проблема міжкультурної освіти; питання вдосконалення школи і якості освіти; шляхи і засоби визначення й оцінювання ефективності школи

The meaning of knowing what is to be known

The aim of this article is to contribute to an articulated language of knowing, which we consider as a key aspect of teachers' professional work. We describe three examples of how the meaning of knowing some specific learning objects can be studied and described. The three learning objects are: to be able to evaluate technical solutions, to be able to perform a house-hop and to be able to act with presence. Phenomenographic analyses of data from the pre-tests carried out within the frame of so called Learning Studies resulted in descriptions of different ways of knowing as well as different aspects of the specific knowns that must be discerned in order to develop the knowing.Cet article a pour objectif de contribuer à un langage articulé du savoir, que nous considérons comme un aspect central du travail des enseignants. Nous décrivons trois exemples de la manière dont on peut étudier et décrire le sens du savoir dans le cadre d'objets d'apprentissage spécifiques. Les trois objets d'apprentissage sont : la capacité à évaluer des solutions techniques, la capacité à effectuer une figure appelée « house-hop » et la capacité à agir « avec présence ». Les analyses phénoménographiques des données issues des tests préliminaires qui ont été menés dans le cadre des études sur l'apprentissage ont permis de mettre en exergue différentes formes de savoirs ainsi que différents aspects des connaissances spécifiques que l'on doit discerner afin de construire le savoir

Persistence of Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis after Single Course of Clarithromycin

Short course of antimicrobial therapy can select resistant bacteria that persist for 4 years or longer

Technology Education in Elementary School: Boys’ and Girls’ Interests and Attitudes

This paper reports the results of an initial study investigating gender differences in interests and attitudes by pupils, aged 8-12 years, to school technology teaching in Sweden. The types of learning activities and content topics in technology teaching preferred by girls and boys were studied, as well as the differences regarding self-confidence in technology. The pupils’ attitudes to technological professions were also investigated. The study was conducted in ten schools. A total of 256 pupils completed a questionnaire that was administrated during their school technology sessions. The analysis of the answers showed that a vast majority of both boys and girls experienced school technology as very positive. No gender differences in preferences for different types of content and activities were detected. The pupils’ judgement of their own capability in the field of technology showed that both boys and girls considered themselves to be very competent. The boys felt, however, somewhat more certain about their competence compared with the girls. Gender differences were found in views of possible future occupations, but the pupils’ views of future occupations in technology showed no significant gender differences

På tal om skolämnet teknik : Ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv på grundskolans teknikämne

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och jämföra diskursiva mönster om teknikämnet i grundskolan som kommer till uttryck i diskurser på olika nivåer och sammanhang i samhället. Studien belyser även maktrelationerna inom den institution och sociala ordning som diskursen är en del av. Tre diskurser uppmärksammas i studien vilka utgörs av kursplanen i teknik, de nyckelpersoner som ansvarade för formuleringarna i kursplanen samt lärare som undervisar i teknikämnet i grundskolan. Datainsamling har skett med hjälp av fokusgruppsintervjuer. För att analysera texterna används Faircloughs metod för kritisk diskursanalys. Resultatet av analysen anses ge stöd för tolkningen att teknikämnet är vagt formulerat i kursplanen och lämnar utrymme för olika tolkningsmöjligheter. Lärarna uttrycker osäkerhet när det gäller tillämpningen av kursplanen, de saknar relevanta begrepp och beskriver teknikämnet i första hand som ett praktiskt ämne. Formandet av eleverna till kritiska medborgare är nedtonat i kursplanen och uppmärksammas inte heller i de två andra diskurserna, vilket verkar upprätthållande på rådande maktstrukturer. Både i lärardiskursen och i kursplanen ges uttryck för en syn om flickors och pojkars olikheter när det gäller teknik, vilket verkar i en bevarande riktning vad gäller traditionella könsrollsmönster och förhärskande maktförhållanden

Constructions in function : A study of technical knowing in primary technology education

The aim of this thesis is to explore the meaning of technical knowing in primary technology education. This is done by identifying and describing ways of knowing in relation to specific content (so-called objects of learning) of the school subject of technology. The purpose is to contribute to the body of teachers’ professional knowledge concerning primary technology education. In this thesis, the subject of technology is seen as representing technical knowledge traditions, characterized by specific ways of developing knowledge. Moreover, the knowledge is to a great extent embedded in actions. This perspective on technical knowing challenges the traditional distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge.   Data were generated through two Learning studies conducted in primary schools.  Learning study is a classroom-based, interventionistic research approach, in which teachers collaborate with a researcher, focusing on specific objects of learning, that is, on what the students are supposed to learn. In the studies, the capability to evaluate the fitness for purpose of technical solutions, and to construct a linkage mechanism allowing for transferring and transforming movement were examined. Students’ actions were video-recorded in order to document verbal and physical expressions of knowing. The data were analysed using phenomenographic analysis, resulting in descriptions of specific ways of knowing in terms of complexity, as well as critical aspects to discern in order to develop the knowing. The findings from the first study describe knowing in terms of discerning functions related to different types of users, as well as aspects of the construction in order to realize functions. The second study identified technical knowing as a specified analysis of the construction in terms of location and separation of joints in relation to different functions. These findings were then used to identify technical knowing in video material generated within another teaching context. The results suggest that knowledge concerning knowing of specific objects of learning related to the evaluation and construction of technical solutions is partly generalizable. In addition, the specified knowledge concerning the meaning of the object of learning generated during the Learning study process was described. This knowledge is suggested to be an important knowledge product of Learning studies.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.</p

Teknik i de tidiga skolåren : Om vad det innebär att kunna konstruera en länkmekanism

This study within primary technology education aims at exploring the capability to construct a specific linkage mechanism. The study reported was integrated in a Learning study, a kind of design experiment inspired by the Japanese Lesson Study, and was carried out in collaboration with two primary school teachers and their two classes, a preschool class and a grade one class. The study reports on the analysis of the video-recorded pre- and post-test. The tests were analysed phenomenographically resulting in four categories describing qualitatively different ways of experiencing the object of learning. The categories were then analysed in terms of critical aspects, describing aspects necessary to discern for this group of students in order to learn how to construct a linkage mechanism. The result indicates the importance of discerning the two joints and their different characteristics in terms of a fixed and a moving joint as well as the placement of the moving joint in relation to the resulting movement.QC 20150327</p

Teknik i de tidiga skolåren : Om vad det innebär att kunna konstruera en länkmekanism

This study within primary technology education aims at exploring the capability to construct a specific linkage mechanism. The study reported was integrated in a Learning study, a kind of design experiment inspired by the Japanese Lesson Study, and was carried out in collaboration with two primary school teachers and their two classes, a preschool class and a grade one class. The study reports on the analysis of the video-recorded pre- and post-test. The tests were analysed phenomenographically resulting in four categories describing qualitatively different ways of experiencing the object of learning. The categories were then analysed in terms of critical aspects, describing aspects necessary to discern for this group of students in order to learn how to construct a linkage mechanism. The result indicates the importance of discerning the two joints and their different characteristics in terms of a fixed and a moving joint as well as the placement of the moving joint in relation to the resulting movement.QC 20150327</p

Exploring the capability of evaluating technical solutions : a collaborative study into the primary technology classroom

Within the field of technology education, evaluating technical solutions is considered as an important topic. Research indicates that pupils have difficulties in evaluating technical solutions in terms of fitness for purpose, i.e. how effective a technical solution supports its intended function. By using the learning study, which is an iterative and collaborative research approach, the study explores the capability to evaluate technical solutions in terms of fitness for purpose, what it takes to know it and how to best enhance its learning in the primary technology classroom. Audio and video recorded interviews, teachers' meetings and lessons are the base data for the study. A contribution of the study is the understanding of this specific knowing, and what is critical for learning and thus to an improvement of technology teaching practice.QC 20140328</p