137 research outputs found
Lithium-ion battery thermal-electrochemical model-based state estimation using orthogonal collocation and a modified extended Kalman filter
This paper investigates the state estimation of a high-fidelity spatially
resolved thermal- electrochemical lithium-ion battery model commonly referred
to as the pseudo two-dimensional model. The partial-differential algebraic
equations (PDAEs) constituting the model are spatially discretised using
Chebyshev orthogonal collocation enabling fast and accurate simulations up to
high C-rates. This implementation of the pseudo-2D model is then used in
combination with an extended Kalman filter algorithm for differential-algebraic
equations to estimate the states of the model. The state estimation algorithm
is able to rapidly recover the model states from current, voltage and
temperature measurements. Results show that the error on the state estimate
falls below 1 % in less than 200 s despite a 30 % error on battery initial
state-of-charge and additive measurement noise with 10 mV and 0.5 K standard
deviations.Comment: Submitted to the Journal of Power Source
Identifiability and parameter estimation of the single particle lithium-ion battery model
This paper investigates the identifiability and estimation of the parameters
of the single particle model (SPM) for lithium-ion battery simulation.
Identifiability is addressed both in principle and in practice. The approach
begins by grouping parameters and partially non-dimensionalising the SPM to
determine the maximum expected degrees of freedom in the problem. We discover
that, excluding open circuit voltage, there are only six independent
parameters. We then examine the structural identifiability by considering
whether the transfer function of the linearised SPM is unique. It is found that
the model is unique provided that the electrode open circuit voltage functions
have a known non-zero gradient, the parameters are ordered, and the electrode
kinetics are lumped into a single charge transfer resistance parameter. We then
demonstrate the practical estimation of model parameters from measured
frequency-domain experimental electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
data, and show additionally that the parametrised model provides good
predictive capabilities in the time domain, exhibiting a maximum voltage error
of 20 mV between model and experiment over a 10 minute dynamic discharge.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, pre-print submitted to the IEEE Transactions on
Control Systems Technolog
Modular converter system for low-cost off-grid energy storage using second life Li-ion batteries
Lithium ion batteries are promising for small off- grid energy storage
applications in developing countries because of their high energy density and
long life. However, costs are prohibitive. Instead, we consider 'used' Li-ion
batteries for this application, finding experimentally that many discarded
laptop cells, for example, still have good capacity and cycle life. In order to
make safe and optimal use of such cells, we present a modular power management
system using a separate power converter for every cell. This novel approach
allows individual batteries to be used to their full capacity. The power
converters operate in voltage droop control mode to provide easy charge
balancing and implement a battery management system to estimate the capacity of
each cell, as we demonstrate experimentally.Comment: Presented at IEEE GHTC Oct 10-14, 2014, Silicon Valle
Effect of Sand and Wood-Shavings Bedding on the Behavior of Broiler Chickens
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 2 different bedding types, sand and wood shavings, on the behavior of broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 6 pens were divided down the center and bedded half with sand and half with wood shavings. Male broilers (10/pen) were observed by scan sampling at 5- or 12-min intervals throughout the 6-wk growth period during the morning (between 0800 to 0900 h), afternoon (1200 to 1500 h), and night (2300 to 0600 h). There was a significant behavior x substrate x week interaction during the day (P \u3c 0.0001) and at night (P \u3c 0.0002). Drinking, dustbathing, preening, and sitting increased in frequency on the sand side but decreased on the wood shavings side during the day, as did resting at night. In general, broilers performed a greater proportion of their total behavioral time budget on the sand (P \u3c 0.0001) as they aged. Broilers used the divider between the 2 bedding types to perch; perching behavior peaked during wk 4. In experiment 2, male broilers were housed in 8 pens (50 birds/pen) bedded only in sand or wood shavings. Bedding type had no effect on behavioral time budgets (P = 0.8946), although there were age-related changes in behavior on both bedding types. These results indicate that when given a choice, broilers increasingly performed many of their behaviors on sand, but if only one bedding type was provided they performed those behaviors with similar frequency on sand or wood shavings
Energy allocation and behaviour in the growing broiler chicken
Broiler chickens are increasingly at the forefront of global meat production but the consequences of fast growth and selection for an increase in body mass on bird health are an ongoing concern for industry and consumers. To better understand the implications of selection we evaluated energetics and behaviour over the 6-week hatch-to-slaughter developmental period in a commercial broiler. The effect of posture on resting metabolic rate becomes increasingly significant as broilers grow, as standing became more energetically expensive than sitting. The proportion of overall metabolic rate accounted for by locomotor behaviour decreased over development, corresponding to declining activity levels, mean and peak walking speeds. These data are consistent with the inference that broilers allocate energy to activity within a constrained metabolic budget and that there is a reducing metabolic scope for exercise throughout their development. Comparison with similarly sized galliforms reveals that locomotion is relatively energetically expensive in broilers
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