Background subtraction based on Local Shape

We present a novel approach to background subtraction that is based on the local shape of small image regions. In our approach, an image region centered on a pixel is mod-eled using the local self-similarity descriptor. We aim at obtaining a reliable change detection based on local shape change in an image when foreground objects are moving. The method first builds a background model and compares the local self-similarities between the background model and the subsequent frames to distinguish background and foreground objects. Post-processing is then used to refine the boundaries of moving objects. Results show that this approach is promising as the foregrounds obtained are com-plete, although they often include shadows.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, 3 tabl

Mesure par microscopie holographique numérique des propriétés viscoélastiques des cellules entières

L’étude des propriétés viscoélastiques des cellules entières par microscopie optique permet de soutirer de l’information unique sur les caractéristiques des cellules. Il est d’autant plus pertinent d’analyser ces propriétés tout au long de la maturation des cellules en culture pour en extraire de l’information sur le développement ainsi que sur la santé de celles-ci. Cependant, la grande majorité des techniques d’imagerie nécessite l’ajout d’un agent de marquage, alors que les méthodes permettant de mesurer les propriétés viscoélastiques cellulaires sont d’autant plus invasives. L’emploi de la microscopie holographique numérique est proposé, car cette méthode permet d’imager en temps réel des cellules en culture sans technique de marquage et d’en tirer des données quantitatives. De plus, la microscopie holographique numérique permet d’observer à l’échelle nanoscopique des déformations induites sur ces cellules, sans contact physique entre les cellules et un instrument externe. Le but de ce projet est de développer des tests en écoulement cisaillé permettant d’obtenir les propriétés viscoélastiques des cellules entières de façon précise et non invasive. Les réponses en déformation des cellules, face à la contrainte induite par le fluide en mouvement, sont ensuite interprétées par des modèles viscoélastiques auxquels les propriétés, telles que les constantes de rigidité et de viscosité, sont extraites pour toute la culture simultanément. Les résultats ont montré que les tests en écoulement cisaillé permettent de mesurer les propriétés viscoélastiques des cellules entières de façon non invasive. Une différence significative a été observée entre les propriétés des cellules NIH 3T3, HEK 293T/17 et des neurones. La constante de rigidité E1, ainsi que la constante de viscosité h2 des modèles Standard et Burgers sont des propriétés viscoélastiques des cellules entières permettant la distinction de ces types cellulaires.The study of viscoelastic properties of whole-cell by optical microscopy allows one to obtain unique information on cell features. It is all the more important to assess those properties all along cultured cell maturation to extract information on its development and health. However, a vast majority of imaging techniques require a marking agent, whilst methods to measure viscoelastic properties are equally invasive. The use of digital holographic microscopy is proposed, since this method allows to image cell culture in real-time without a marking technique and provides quantitative images. Moreover, digital holographic microscopy provides screening deformation at nanoscopic scale induced on cells, without physical contact between the cells and an external instrument. The goal of this project is to develop shear flow assays allowing precise and non-invasive measurements of whole-cell viscoelastic properties. Cell deformation responses caused by the fluid shear stress are interpreted by viscoelastic models where rigidity and viscosity constants are extracted for the whole cell culture simultaneously. Results have shown that shear flow assays allow non-invasive whole-cell measurements of viscoelastic properties. A significant difference between cell properties of NIH 3T3, HEK 293T/17 and neurons have been found. The rigidity constant E1 and the viscosity constant h2 from Standard and Burgers models are viscoelastic properties to be used to discriminate those cell type

Identifier, détecter et localiser les centralités économiques : une proposition inspirée de l'algorithme DBSCAN

En sciences régionales, la notion de centre(s) revêt une importance capitale pour plusieurs modèles théoriques et cadres conceptuels. Les dynamiques urbaines et locales ont conduit à une multiplication des centres rendant le polycentrisme la norme dans la plupart des aires métropolitaines. Or, la localisation du centre (ou des centres) est souvent postulée comme exogène, déterminée à l’avance. Elle s’avère souvent un intrant nécessaire afin d’identifier les multiples centres. Cette note de recherche propose de développer un algorithme permettant d’identifier, de détecter et de localiser les différents centres à partir d’une typologie issue de critères économiques (unités de logements et commerciales). Afin de présenter son implémentation, deux applications fictives sont développées. Une première sur une ville monocentrique, et une seconde sur une ville polycentrique. Une application empirique permet d’identifier et de localiser les centralités de 31 régions métropolitaines de recensement (RMR) et agglomérations de recensement (AR) du Québec à partir d’information sur les unités d’évaluation contenues dans les rôles d’évaluations municipaux

Biomolecules from olive pruning waste in Sierra Mágina - Engaging the energy transition by multi-actor and multidisciplinary analyses

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552The price volatility of fossil resources, the uncertainty of their long-term availability and the environmental, climatic and societal problems posed by their operation lead to the need of an energy transition enabling the development and utilization of other alternative and sustainable resources. Acknowledging that indirect land-use change can increase greenhouse gas emission, the European Union (EU) has reshaped its biofuel policy. It has set criteria for sustainability to ensure that the use of biofuels guarantees real carbon savings and protects biodiversity. From a sustainability perspective, biofuels and bioliquids offer indeed both advantages (e.g., more secure energy supply, emission reductions, reduced air pollution and production of high added-value molecules) as well as risks (monocultures, reduced biodiversity and even higher emissions through land use change). Approaching economic, environmental and social sustainability at the local level and in an integrated way should help to maximize benefits and minimize risks. This approach has been adopted and is described in the present work that combines chemical, biological, social and territorial studies on the management of pruning waste residues from olive trees in the Sierra Mágina in Spain. The biological and social analyses helped to orientate the research towards an attractive chemical process based on extraction and pyrolysis, in which high added value molecules are recovered and in which the residual biochar may be used as pathogen-free fertilizer. In this region where farmers face declining economic margins, the new intended method may both solve greenhouse gas emission problems and provide farmers with additional revenues and convenient fertilizers. Further research with a larger partnership will consolidate the results and tackle issues such as the logistics

Analysis of Blood Stem Cell Activity and Cystatin Gene Expression in a Mouse Model Presenting a Chromosomal Deletion Encompassing Csta and Stfa2l1

The cystatin protein superfamily is characterized by the presence of conserved sequences that display cysteine protease inhibitory activity (e.g., towards cathepsins). Type 1 and 2 cystatins are encoded by 25 genes of which 23 are grouped in 2 clusters localized on mouse chromosomes 16 and 2. The expression and essential roles of most of these genes in mouse development and hematopoiesis remain poorly characterized. In this study, we describe a set of quantitative real-time PCR assays and a global expression profile of cystatin genes in normal mouse tissues. Benefiting from our collection of DelES embryonic stem cell clones harboring large chromosomal deletions (to be reported elsewhere), we selected a clone in which a 95-kb region of chromosome 16 is missing (Del16qB3Δ/+). In this particular clone, 2 cystatin genes, namely Csta and Stfa2l1 are absent along with 2 other genes (Fam162a, Ccdc58) and associated intergenic regions. From this line, we established a new homozygous mutant mouse model (Del16qB3Δ/16qB3Δ) to assess the in vivo biological functions of the 2 deleted cystatins. Stfa2l1 gene expression is high in wild-type fetal liver, bone marrow, and spleen, while Csta is ubiquitously expressed. Homozygous Del16qB3Δ/16qB3Δ animals are phenotypically normal, fertile, and not overtly susceptible to spontaneous or irradiation-induced tumor formation. The hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity in these mutant mice are also normal. Interestingly, quantitative real-time PCR expression profiling reveals a marked increase in the expression levels of Stfa2l1/Csta phylogenetically-related genes (Stfa1, Stfa2, and Stfa3) in Del16qB3Δ/16qB3Δ hematopoietic tissues, suggesting that these candidate genes might be contributing to compensatory mechanisms. Overall, this study presents an optimized approach to globally monitor cystatin gene expression as well as a new mouse model deficient in Stfa2l1/Csta genes, expanding the available tools to dissect cystatin roles under normal and pathological conditions

Genome-Wide Interrogation of Mammalian Stem Cell Fate Determinants by Nested Chromosome Deletions

Understanding the function of important DNA elements in mammalian stem cell genomes would be enhanced by the availability of deletion collections in which segmental haploidies are precisely characterized. Using a modified Cre-loxP–based system, we now report the creation and characterization of a collection of ∼1,300 independent embryonic stem cell (ESC) clones enriched for nested chromosomal deletions. Mapping experiments indicate that this collection spans over 25% of the mouse genome with good representative coverage of protein-coding genes, regulatory RNAs, and other non-coding sequences. This collection of clones was screened for in vitro defects in differentiation of ESC into embryoid bodies (EB). Several putative novel haploinsufficient regions, critical for EB development, were identified. Functional characterization of one of these regions, through BAC complementation, identified the ribosomal gene Rps14 as a novel haploinsufficient determinant of embryoid body formation. This new library of chromosomal deletions in ESC (DelES: http://bioinfo.iric.ca/deles) will serve as a unique resource for elucidation of novel protein-coding and non-coding regulators of ESC activity

Contributions of a global network of tree diversity experiments to sustainable forest plantations

status: publishe