Traction animale et motorisation en zone cotonnière d'Afrique de l'Ouest : Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali

Les agriculteurs utilisent leur équipement selon des critères d'efficacité propres à leur exploitation. Le projet traction animale et motorisation en zone cotonnière cherche à décrire par quels processus les unités familiales de production de trois régions du Burkina Faso, de la Côte d'Ivoire et du Mali, ont pu se mécaniser et même se motoriser, et quelles en sont les conséquences sur l'équilibre de l'exploitation familiale. Des critères aussi bien financiers que structurels permettent de prévoir l'adoption d'une innovation et sa reproductibilit

L’Histoire terrible mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk, roi du Cambodge, de la Cartoucherie au pays des Khmers

En 2010, Ariane Mnouchkine missionne Delphine Cottu et Georges Bigot pour remettre en scène L’Histoire terrible mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk, roi du Cambodge d’Hélène Cixous avec les acteurs cambodgiens de Phare Ponleu Selpak. En 1984, au retour d’un séjour qu’elles effectuent dans un camp de réfugiés cambodgiens à la frontière thaïlandaise, Ariane Mnouchkine et Hélène Cixous décident de mettre en scène un des drames les plus effroyables de l’histoire contemporaine. Une épopée de près d..

PERSON NAME RECOGNITION IN ASR OUTPUTS USING CONTINUOUS CONTEXT MODELS

ABSTRACT The detection and characterization, in audiovisual documents, of speech utterances where person names are pronounced, is an important cue for spoken content analysis. This paper tackles the problematic of retrieving spoken person names in the 1-Best ASR outputs of broadcast TV shows. Our assumption is that a person name is a latent variable produced by the lexical context it appears in. Thereby, a spoken name could be derived from ASR outputs even if it has not been proposed by the speech recognition system. A new context modelling is proposed in order to capture lexical and structural information surrounding a spoken name. The fundamental hypothesis of this study has been validated on broadcast TV documents available in the context of the REPERE challenge

The evolution and nomenclature of GnRH-type and corazonin-type neuropeptide signaling systems

The work of the authors reported in this review was supported by grants from the BBSRC (BB/M001644/1; BB/M001032/1), the Leverhulme Trust (RGP-2013-351) and the China Scholarship Council

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Caractérisation du génome des ascovirus et de leurs relations phylétiques avec les autres familles de virus à grand génome ADN double brin

Cette thèse présente l'étude de la structure du génome des Ascoviridae ainsi qu'une étude phylogénétique de cette famille dont le but a été de la positionner au sein des autres familles virales à grand génome ADNdb. Le génome des ascovirus est constitué d'une molécule d'ADN double brin circulaire, faiblement superenroulée. Tous les génomes d'ascovirus testés contiennent des séquences répétées, ainsi que des gènes répétés homologues aux gènes bro (baculovirus repeated open reading frame) des baculovirus. Une analyse en HPLC a également montré un très fort niveau de méthylation des cytosines chez DpAV-4a (76%), contrairement aux autres ascovirus (5%). La première analyse phylogénétique des ascovirus a été faite sur le gène de l'ADN polymérase. Elle montre que cette famille est très proche phylétiquement des iridovirus, et de façon plus éloignée, des asfavirus et des phycodnavirus. Cette parenté entre ascovirus et iridovirus a, par la suite, été confirmée par l'analyse des gènes de la protéine majeure de capside (MCP), de l'ATPase et de la thymidine kinase. Pour ces deux derniers gènes, les analyses montrent que même que les ascovirus auraient évolué à partir des iridovirus d'invertébrés. D'autres gènes, dont la fonction n'est pas identifiée mais trouvés spécifiquement chez ces deux familles virales, confirment ce résultat. Enfin, aux vues des ressemblances entre l'ascovirus DpAV-4a et les ichnovirus -morphologie des virions, réplication chez la guêpe endoparasitoïde, action immunomodulatrice chez le lépidoptère- la relation phylétique entre ces deux familles a été étudiée. L'analyse, effectuée sur le gène de la MCP, montre que les MCP des ichnovirus dérivent de celles des ascovirus. Par contre, aucun des gènes présents dans le génome de CsPDV ne présente d'homologue dans le génome des ascovirus ou des iridovirus. Cette observation suggère que les ichnovirus pourraient être de simples capsides virales utilisées par la guêpe comme vecteur de transfert de gènes.This work describes the molecular analysis of ascovirus. The first part presents the study of the ascovirus genome. This genome consists of a double-stranted circular partially supercoiled DNA molecule, which contains large interspersed repeats. Repeated genes of the bro family (baculovirus repeated open reading frame) have also been discovered. The study revealed also that ascovirus genome is methylated on cytosines positions, with DpAV-4a having the highest level of methylation reported for a DNA virus (76%). In a second part, phylogenetic analysis were done on ascovirus genome. The first phylogenetic analysis were base on 4 different genes : the genes of the DNA polymerase, of the major capside protein (MCP), of the thymidine kinase (TK), and of the ATPase III. All of them revealed that ascoviruses are closely related to iridoviruses, and also, to a less extent, to phycodnaviruses and asfarviruses. Moreover, two of them, TK and ATPase III genes, indicate that ascoviruses have evolved form invertebrate iridoviruses. This last observation is confirmed with other genes which are specifically present in this two viral families. Finally, other phylogenetic analyses were done to study the putative evolutionary relationship between Ascoviridae and ichnoviridae. The pylogenetic analysis done on the MCP gene provides evidence that proteins involved in the ichnovirus capsid are related to ascovirus capsid proteins, and likely have evolved from them. On the other hand, no other ichnoviral gene have a homologue in ascovirus or iridovirus genomes. This observation suggests that ichnovirus particles could be a viral capsid used by the wasp to transfert its own genes in its host.TOURS-BU Sciences Pharmacie (372612104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Réponses de l’endokarst ardéchois aux variations eustatiques générées par la crise de salinité messinienne

International audienceAbstract The Messinian salinity crisis is typically recorded by evaporites in the abyssal plains of the Mediterranean Sea and by canyons incised into the Mediterranean margins and their hinterlands. However, the impacts of crisis on geomorphology and surface dynamics lasted, until canyons were filled by sediments in the Pliocene (fig. 2). In the mid-Rhône valley, the Ardeche Cretaceous carbonate platform is incised over 600 m by the Rhône Messinian canyon. The canyon thalweg is located – 236 m bsl (below sea level) in the borehole of Pierrelatte [Demarcq, 1960; fig. 1]. During the Pliocene, this canyon was flooded as a ria and infilled by a Gilbert type fan delta [Clauzon and Rubino, 1992; Clauzon et al., 1995]. The whole Messinian-Pliocene third order cycle [Haq et al., 1987] generated four benchmark levels. The first two are [Clauzon, 1996]: (i) The pre-evaporitic abandonment surface which is mapped around the belvedere of Saint-Restitut (fig. 1). This surface is synchronous [Clauzon, 1996] of the crisis onset (5.95 Ma) [Gautier et al., 1994; Krigjsman et al., 1999] and, consequently, is an isochronous benchmark. (ii) The Messinian erosional surface is also an isochronous benchmark due to the fast flooding [Blanc, 2002] of the Rhône canyon, becoming a ria at 5.32 Ma [Hilgen and Langereis, 1988]. These surfaces are the result of endoreic Mediterranean sea level fall more than a thousand meters below the Atlantic Ocean. A huge accommodation space (up to more than 1000 m) was created as sea-level rose up to 80 m above its present-day level (asl) during the Pliocene highstand of cycle TB 3.4 (from 5.32 to 3.8 Ma). During the Lower Pliocene this accommodation space was filled by a Gilbert fan delta. This history yields two other benchmark levels: (i) the marine/non marine Pliocene transition which is an heterochronous surface produced by the Gilbert delta progradation. This surface recorded the Pliocene highstand sea level; (ii) the Pliocene abandonment surface at the top of the Gilbert delta continental wedge. Close to the Rhône-Ardeche confluence, the present day elevations of the four reference levels are (evolution of base-level synthesized in fig. 4): (1) 312 m asl, (2) 236 m bsl, (3) 130 m asl, (4) 190 m asl. The Ardèche carbonate platform underwent karstification both surficial and at depth. The endokarst is characterized by numerous cavities organised in networks. Saint-Marcel Cave is one of those networks providing the most complete record (fig. 5). It opens out on the northern side of the Ardeche canyon at an altitude of 100 m. It is made up by three superposed levels extending over 45 km in length. The lower level (1) is flooded and functionnal. It extends beneath the Ardeche thalweg down to the depth of 10 m bsl reached by divers. The observations collected in the galleries lead us to the conclusion that the karst originated in the vadose area [Brunet, 2000]. The coeval base-level was necessarily below those galleries. The two other levels (middle (2) and upper (3)) are today abandoned and perched. The middle level is about 115 m asl and the upper one is about 185 m asl. They are horizontal and have morphologies specific to the phreatic and temporary phreatic zone of the karst (fig. 6). In literature, the terracing of the Saint-Marcel Cave had been systematically interpreted as the result of the lowering by steps of the Ardeche base-level [Guérin, 1973; Blanc, 1995; Gombert, 1988; Debard, 1997]. In this interpretation, each deepening phase of the base level induces the genesis of the gravitary shaft and the abandonment of the previous horizontal level. The next stillstand of base level leads to the elaboration of a new horizontal level (fig. 7). This explanation is valid for most of Quaternary karsts, that are related to glacioeustatic falls of sea-level. However our study on the Saint-Marcel Cave contests this interpretation because all the shafts show an upward digging dynamism and no hint of vadose sections. The same “per ascensum” hydrodynamism was prevailing during the development of the whole network (figs. 8 and 9). We interpret the development of the Ardeche endokarst as related to the eustatic Messinian-Pliocene cycle TB 3.4/3.5 recorded by the Rhône river. The diving investigations in the flooded part of the Saint-Marcel Cave and also in the vauclusian springs of Bourg-Saint-Andeol reached - 154 m bsl. Those depths are compatible only with the incision of the Messinian Rhône canyon at the same altitude (−236 m bsl). The Saint-Marcel lower level would have develop at that time. The ascending shaping of levels 2 and 3 is thus likely to have formed during the ensuing sea-level rise and highstand during the Pliocene, in mainly two steps: (i) the ria stage controlled by the Mediterranean sea level rise and stillstand; (ii) the rhodanian Gilbert delta progradation, that controlled the genesis of the upper level (fig. 10)

O-Ha-Yo, album : [suivi de La Chasse] : [estampe] / Georges Bigot

Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : FranceJp

Georges-Ferdinand Bigot (illustrateur 1860-1927) : signature “G. Bigot” [1923]

Georges-Ferdinand Bigot (illustrateur 1860-1927) : signature “G. Bigot” [1923