Učinkovitost zatvaranja sisnih kanala kao prevencija novih intramamarnih infekcija u mliječnih krava tijekom suhostaja

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of an internal teat sealant infused upon drying off on the incidence of new intra-mammary infections (IMI) during the dry period in dairy cattle. Due to the non-availability of the product on the Indian market, the product was prepared in a laboratory using bismuth subnitrate and liquid paraffin. A total of 64 quarters free from infection on culture were selected for the study at 60 days before the expected date of parturition. The quarters were randomly divided into two groups (group A and group B), with 32 quarters in each group. The group A quarters were infused with teat sealant at the time of drying off, and the quarters in group B were kept as the control and no treatment was provided to them. Milk samples from all the selected quarters were subjected to cultural examination at the time of drying off and 1-3 days post calving. The incidence of new IMI’s between drying off and calving was significantly lower for group A quarters when compared to group B quarters (12.5% vs 34.4%). The incidence of new IMI’s in group A and group B quarters was significantly lower for Streptococcus uberis (3.13% vs 18.75%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (3.13% vs 12.5%). The study concluded that infusion of teat sealant at drying off is helpful in lowering the incidence of new IMI’s during the dry period.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinak zatvaranja sisnih kanala na incidenciju infekcija vimena (IMI) mliječnih krava za vrijeme suhostaja. Zbog nedostupnosti komercijalnih preparata na indijskom tržištu, proizvod za zatvaranje sisnih kanala je pripravljen u laboratoriju upotrebom bizmut-subnitrata i tekućeg parafina. Za istraživanje su odabrane 64 četvrti vimena u kojima bakteriološkom kulturom nije bilo utvrđene infekcije 60 dana prije očekivanog teljenja. Četvrti su nasumično podijeljene u dvije skupine (skupina A i skupina B) sa po 32 četvrti u svakoj skupini. U skupini A, tijekom suhostaja, kravama su zatvoreni sisni kanali, dok u kontrolnoj skupini B nije proveden nikakav tretman. Uzorci mlijeka iz svih skupina podvrgnuti su testiranju bakteriološkom kulturom u vrijeme suhostaja i 1 – 3 dana poslije teljenja. Incidencija intramamarnih infekcija između suhostaja i teljenja bila je znakovito niža u skupini A u usporedbi sa skupinom B (12,5 % prema 34,4 %). Incidencija novih intramamarnih infekcija u skupinama A i B bila je znakovito niža za Streptococcus uberis (3,13 % prema 18,75 %) i Streptococcus dysgalactiae (3,13 % prema 12,5 %). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da zatvaranje sisnih kanala u suhostaju pomaže u smanjivanju incidencije novih intramamarnih infekcija

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Species-specific identification of adulteration in cooked mutton Rista (a Kashmiri Wazwan cuisine product) with beef and buffalo meat through multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Aim: Meat adulteration is a serious problem in the meat industry and needs to be tackled to ensure the authenticity of meat products and protect the consumers from being the victims. In view of such likely problem in indigenous meat products of Kashmiri cuisine (Wazwan), the present work was performed to study the detection of beef and buffalo meat in cooked mutton Rista by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) based multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method under laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods: Three experimental trials were conducted wherein the products were prepared from pure mutton, beef and buffalo meat, and their admixtures in the ratios of 60:20:20, 80:10:10, 90:05:05 and 98:01:01, respectively. Results: The primers used in the study amplified the cyt b gene fragments of sizes 124 bp, 472 bp and 585 bp for buffalo, cattle and sheep, respectively. It was possible to detect cattle and buffalo meat at the level of 1% in the mixed meat cooked Rista. The multiplex PCR successfully amplified cyt b gene fragments of mtDNA of the target species and thus produced characteristic band pattern for each species. The band intensities of cattle and buffalo in the mixed meat Rista progressively decreased corresponding to their decreasing level from 20% to 1%. Processing, cooking (moist heating) and non-meat formulation ingredients had no effect on detection of meat species adulteration. Conclusion: The multiplex PCR procedure standardized and developed in this study is simple, efficient, sensitive, reliable and highly specific for detecting falsification of cooked mutton product with beef and buffalo meat up to 1% level

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Not AvailableThe Paracoccus sp. is one of the best-characterized prokaryote that has served as a model organism to study the dentrification and sulphur oxidation processes. However, its ability of dentrification and sulphur oxidation in coastal shrimp ponds is not reported much. In the present work, the Gram-negative, neutrophilic, facultatively lithoautotrophic bacterium Paracoccus saliphilus strain SPUM isolated from coastal shrimp ponds of Urran, Maharashtra, was studied for its efficiency of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification and sulphur oxidation processes. The maximum removal rate of nitrite and nitrate was 11.22 ± 0.31 and 14.17 ± 0.31 mg of NO3-N/l respectively after 24 h of incubation, while the sulphatesulphur production observed was 190 ± 4.3 mg l−1 with a change in pH from 8.0 to 7.4 ± 0.08 after 12 days of incubation. The strain was characterized using universal 16S rRNA gene primers revealing high similarity (> 99%) with Paracoccus saliphilus belonging to α- proteobacteria. The isolate could express sulphate thiolesterase/sulphate thiohydrolase, soxB gene which is essential for sulphur oxidation. From all the results, it has been found that the strain SPUM could play a major role in simultaneous aerobic nitrification/denitrification and sulphur oxidation processes to overcome the toxicity of nitrogenous and sulphur-reducing compounds respectively in coastal aquaculture and wastewater systems.Not Availabl

Myeloid spatial and transcriptional molecular signature of ischemia-reperfusion injury in human liver transplantation

BackgroundIschemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a significant clinical concern in liver transplantation, with a key influence on short-term and long-term allograft and patient survival. Myeloid cells trigger and sustain tissue inflammation and damage associated with IRI, but the mechanisms regulating these activities are unknown. To address this, we investigated the molecular characteristics of intragraft myeloid cells present in biopsy-proven IRI- and IRI+ liver transplants.MethodsRNA-sequencing was performed on 80 pre-reperfusion and post-reperfusion biopsies from 40 human recipients of liver transplantation (23 IRI+, 17 IRI-). We used transcriptional profiling and computational approaches to identify specific gene coexpression network modules correlated with functional subsets of MPO+, lysozyme+, and CD68+ myeloid cells quantified by immunohistochemistry on sequential sections from the same patient biopsies.ResultsA global molecular map showed gene signatures related to myeloid activation in all patients regardless of IRI status; however, myeloid cell subsets differed dramatically in their spatial morphology and associated gene signatures. IRI- recipients were found to have a natural corticosteroid production and response profile from pre-reperfusion to post-reperfusion, particularly among monocytes/macrophages. The pre-reperfusion signature of IRI+ recipients included acute inflammatory responses in neutrophils and increased translation of adaptive immune-related genes in monocytes/macrophages coupled with decreased glucocorticoid responses. Subsequent lymphocyte activation at post-reperfusion identified transcriptional programs associated with the transition to adaptive immunity found only among IRI+ recipients.ConclusionsMyeloid subset-specific genes and related signaling pathways provide targets for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at limiting IRI in the clinical setting of liver transplantation