Rural vulnerability and tea plantation migration in eastern Nepal and Darjeeling

This paper will analyze migration from rural eastern Nepal to tea plantations in eastern Nepal and Darjeeling and the potentials such migration might represent for coping with rural vulnerability and food scarcity

Democracy against Development: Lower‐Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India Jeffrey Witsoe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013)

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166158/1/plar12140_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166158/2/plar12140.pd

ДІАГНОСТИКА СИНУСИТІВ (частина 2)

CT is highly informative and noninvasive method of diagnosis for examining patients. It can significantly improve the process of diagnosis. CT data can not only detect the content of the paranasal sinuses, but also identify their anatomical relationship to surrounding tissues. The data presented is based in-house research covering various clinical manifestations of maxillary sinusitis and change in computer tomograms.Комп’ютерна томографія є високоінформативним атравматичним методом діагностики при обстеженні хворих, що дозволяє значно покращити процес встановлення діагнозу. Дані комп’ютерної томографії дозволяють не тільки визначити характер вмісту приносових пазух, але й уточнити їх анатомічне взаємовідношення з оточуючими тканинами. Представлені дані власних досліджень, які висвітлюють різні клінічні прояви верхньощелепних синуситів і зміни на комп’ютерних томограмах

Fairtrade bananas in the Caribbean: Towards a moral economy of recognition

Working through a Caribbean case study, this paper examines the networks and associations of Fair Trade bananas as they move both materially and morally from farms in St Vincent and the Grenadines to supermarkets and households in the United Kingdom. In doing so, the paper provides grounded empirical evidence of Fair Trade's moral economy as experienced by banana producers in the Caribbean. The paper follows Nancy Fraser's distinction between ways of framing justice to argue that, in order to transcend its complex postcolonial positionalities, the Fair Trade Foundation needs to include recognition in its moral economy as well as representation and redistribution. The paper compares the moral framework of Fair Trade as an ideology and social movement with the lived experience of certified Fairtrade banana farmers in the Windward Islands who work mostly for, rather than within, an idealized moral economy. The paper also contributes to several recent debates in the agri-food literature exploring the interconnections between production and consumption, the role of materiality in contemporary food networks, the historical and (post)colonial nature of food moralities, and links between political and moral economies of food. Following an outline of recent debates about the moral economies of food and its relation to Fair Trade as a movement, the paper dissects the moral economy of the Fairtrade Foundation, highlighting the historical and geographical, material and symbolic, gendered and generational ways that food producers in the Global South (in this case, banana farmers in St Vincent and the Grenadines) may be counterposed to 'responsible' consumers in the Global North. Despite the good intentions of those who promote the Fair Trade movement through the Fairtrade Foundation and the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO), our case study reveals a moral economy of non (or partial) recognition, which has a range of unintended consequences and paradoxical effects

Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110756/1/amet12124_17.pd

Rural Vulnerability and Tea Plantation Migration in Eastern Nepal and Darjeeling

This paper will analyze migration from rural eastern Nepal to tea plantations in eastern Nepal and Darjeeling and the potentials such migration might represent for coping with rural vulnerability and food scarcity. I will contextualize this paper in a regional history of agricultural intensification and migration, which began in the eighteenth century with Gorkhali conquests of todays Mechi region and continued in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the recruitment of plantation laborers from Nepal to British India. For many Kiranti ethnic groups, agricultural intensification resulted in social marginalization, land degradation due to over-population and over-farming, and eventual migration to Darjeeling to work on British tea plantations. The British lured Rais, Limbus, and other tribal peoples to Darjeeling with hopes of prosperity. When these migrants arrived, they benefited from social welfare like free housing, health care, food rations, nurseries, and plantation schools — things unknown to them under Nepal\u27s oppressive monarchal regime. For almost two centuries, Rai and Limbu migration to Darjeeling was an escape from rural poverty and oppression in Nepal, but plantation life introduced them to different forms of inequality.\u2