Ellipticity loss analysis for tangent moduli deduced from a large strain elastic–plastic self-consistent model

In order to investigate the impact of microstructures and deformation mechanisms on the ductility of materials, the criterion first proposed by Rice is applied to elastic–plastic tangent moduli derived from a large strain micromechanical model combined with a self-consistent scale-transition technique. This approach takes into account several microstructural aspects for polycrystalline aggregates: initial and induced textures, dislocation densities as well as softening mechanisms such that the behavior during complex loading paths can be accurately described. In order to significantly reduce the computing time, a new method drawn from viscoplastic formulations is introduced so that the slip system activity can be efficiently determined. The different aspects of the single crystal hardening (self and latent hardening, dislocation storage and annihilation, mean free path, etc.) are taken into account both by the introduction of dislocation densities per slip system as internal variables and the corresponding evolution equations. Comparisons are made with experimental results for single and dual-phase steels involving linear and complex loading paths. Rice’s criterion is then coupled and applied to this constitutive model in order to determine the ellipticity loss of the polycrystalline tangent modulus. This criterion, which does not need any additional “fitting” parameter, is used to build Ellipticity Limit Diagrams (ELDs).ArcelorMittal Researc

Ellipticity loss analysis for tangent moduli deduced from a large strain elastic–plastic self-consistent model

In order to investigate the impact of microstructures and deformation mechanisms on the ductility of materials, the criterion first proposed by Rice is applied to elastic–plastic tangent moduli derived from a large strain micromechanical model combined with a self-consistent scale-transition technique. This approach takes into account several microstructural aspects for polycrystalline aggregates: initial and induced textures, dislocation densities as well as softening mechanisms such that the behavior during complex loading paths can be accurately described. In order to significantly reduce the computing time, a new method drawn from viscoplastic formulations is introduced so that the slip system activity can be efficiently determined. The different aspects of the single crystal hardening (self and latent hardening, dislocation storage and annihilation, mean free path, etc.) are taken into account both by the introduction of dislocation densities per slip system as internal variables and the corresponding evolution equations. Comparisons are made with experimental results for single and dual-phase steels involving linear and complex loading paths. Rice’s criterion is then coupled and applied to this constitutive model in order to determine the ellipticity loss of the polycrystalline tangent modulus. This criterion, which does not need any additional “fitting” parameter, is used to build Ellipticity Limit Diagrams (ELDs).ArcelorMittal Researc

Martensite Transformation and Superelasticity at High Temperature of (TiHfZr)74(NbTa)26 High-Entropy Shape Memory Alloy

In this work, a (TiHfZr)(NbTa) 26 (%at) high-entropy quinary alloy has been developed especially for high-temperature superelastic applications and studied over a large range of temperatures. The mechanical properties of this new material were compared with those of other superelastic alloys. The different ingots have been made in a cold crucible from pure metals. Several thermomechanical treatments have been performed on the microstructure of four alloys among them (TiHfZr)(NbTa) 26 alloy. The microstructure of each alloy has been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and the mechanical behavior was investigated through three-point bending tests between - 40 and 200C, in quasi-static monotonic and low cycle loading conditions. The effects of the thermomechanical treatments on the static and cyclic thermomechanical mechanical responses have been analyzed in combination with the microstructure investigations of the four studied alloys. It has been shown that the (TiHfZr)(NbTa) 26 alloy presents a martensitic transformation and a superelastic effect over the studied range of temperatures, in the cold-worked state or after solution treatment. Finally, the obtained experimental results have been compared with those of other superelastic alloys demonstrating the features of the developed high-entropy high-temperature superelastic alloy

Investigation and Composition Characterization of a “NiTi-like” Alloy Combining High Temperature Shape Memory and High Entropy

New high temperature shape memory alloyswith five or more elements are under development and present attractive performances for several functional applications. These active metallic materials are called high entropy and high temperature shape memory alloys (HE-HT-SMAs). This work deals with the characterization of an alloy that combines high temperature shape memory effect and high entropy effect features, a NiCuTiHfZr alloy. The evolution of the phase transformation and the shape memory effect during thermal fatigue was compared with a ternary alloy NiTiZr. Ingots were prepared in a cold crucible and alloys were characterized after thermal cycling at 600 K without a protective gas atmosphere. Optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, and scanning elec- tron microscopy observations showed the presence of martensite in this unpublished alloy at room temperature. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed that martensitic transformation takes place at high temperature. High temperature thermal cycling was performed during a three-point bending tests under constant load without a protective atmosphere. Thermomechanical results showed that high entropy effects increase the operating behavior at high temperature. Hence this new composition of NiCuTiHfZr alloy can be used as an actuator for aerospace and aeronautic application

Emerging therapeutic options for breast cancer chemotherapy during pregnancy

Rak piersi jest najczęstszym guzem litym obserwowanym u kobiet w ciąży. Antracyklina jest jednym z leków, które można stosować w chemioterapii ciężarnych w drugim i trzecim trymestrze ciąży. Istnieje niestety mało danych dotyczących możliwości stosowania w terapii w tym okresie ciąży nowych i bardzo skutecznych leków, takich jak taksany, winorelbina czy czynniki anty-HER-2. W celu oceny profilu bezpieczeństwa stosowania tych leków u ciężarnych pacjentek przeprowadzono wszechstronny przegląd dokumentacji dostępnej w piśmiennictwie anglojęzycznym na temat użycia taksanów, winorelbiny, trastuzumabu oraz lapatinibu podczas ciąży. Opisano 24 przypadki ciąż, w których nie zaobserwowano efektów toksycznych 3–4 stopnia u matki ani malformacji u płodu. Mimo iż tylko w jednej z tych prac oceniano farmakokinetykę paklitakselu (Taxol) podczas ciąży, liczne przeprowadzone badania przedkliniczne wskazują, że łożyskowa P-glikoproteina może zapobiegać przezłożyskowemu transferowi taksanów i winorelbiny. Stosowanie trastuzumabu w 3 z 6 przypadków wiązało się z występowaniem bezwodzia. W czasie drugiego i trzeciego trymestru ciąży istnieje możliwość stosowania nowych leków charakteryzujących się korzystnym profilem toksyczności, takich jak taksany i winorelbina, natomiast czynniki anty- HER-2 mogą zaburzać prawidłowy rozwój nerek u płodu i nie powinno się ich stosować u kobiet w ciąży.Breast cancer is the commonest solid tumor observed during pregnancy. Anthracycline-based chemotherapy is feasible during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, but few data are available on recent and highly active drugs taxanes, vinorelbine and anti-HER-2 agents in this setting. We carried out a comprehensive review of reports documenting the use of taxanes, vinorelbine, trastuzumab and lapatinib during pregnancy in the English literature, in order to evaluate their safety profile in pregnant patients. Twenty-four pregnancies are described, in which no grade 3–4 maternal toxicity nor malformation in the offspring was reported. Whereas only one report studied the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel (Taxol) during pregnancy, several preclinical reports indicate that the placental P-glycoprotein could prevent the transplacental transfer of taxanes and vinorelbine. The use of trastuzumab was associated with the occurrence of anhydramnios in three of six cases. The administration of recent drugs taxanes and vinorelbine seems feasible during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, with a favorable toxicity profile. In contrast, anti-HER-2 agents may obscure the normal development of the fetal kidney, and should be avoided during pregnancy

Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites

We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration (T) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three daily T estimates shows high correlation among methods (R between .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes of T/ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC‐based T estimates show higher correlation to sap flow‐based T than EC‐based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies of T/ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high‐quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows that T/ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability of T/ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall, T and T/ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understanding T globally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data‐based estimates of ecosystem T permitting a data‐driven perspective on the role of plants’ water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate.We acknowledge insightful discussions with Dario Papale and apologize for having a cappuccino after lunch. We further acknowledge Ulrich Weber for preparing the cappuccino. M.G. acknowledges funding by Swiss National Science Foundation project ICOS‐CH Phase 2 20FI20_173691. L.Š. was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the CzeCOS program, grant number LM2015061, and by SustES‐Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). G.W. acknowledges support by the Austrian National Science Fund (FWF, project I03859) and the Province of South Tyrol (“Cycling of carbon and water in mountain ecosystems under changing climate and land use”). R.P. was supported by grants CGL2014‐55883‐JIN, RTI2018‐095297‐J‐I00 (Spain), and by a Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers (Germany). This work used eddy covariance data acquired and shared by the FLUXNET community, including these networks: Ameri‐Flux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet‐Canada, GreenGrass, ICOS, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux‐TERN, TCOS‐Siberia, and USCCC. The ERA‐Interim reanalysis data are provided by ECMWF and processed by LSCE. The FLUXNET eddy covariance data processing and harmonization was carried out by the European Fluxes Database Cluster, AmeriFlux Management Project, and Fluxdata project of FLUXNET, with the support of CDIAC and ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Center, and the OzFlux, ChinaFlux, and AsiaFlux offices. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL

Gynecologic cancers in pregnancy: guidelines based on a third international consensus meeting

We aimed to provide comprehensive protocols and promote effective management of pregnant women with gynecological cancers. New insights and more experience have been gained since the previous guidelines were published in 2014. Members of the International Network on Cancer, Infertility and Pregnancy (INCIP), in collaboration with other international experts, reviewed existing literature on their respective areas of expertise. Summaries were subsequently merged into a manuscript that served as a basis for discussion during the consensus meeting. Treatment of gynecological cancers during pregnancy is attainable if management is achieved by collaboration of a multidisciplinary team of health care providers. This allows further optimization of maternal treatment, while considering fetal development and providing psychological support and long-term follow-up of the infants. Nonionizing imaging procedures are preferred diagnostic procedures, but limited ionizing imaging methods can be allowed if indispensable for treatment plans. In contrast to other cancers, standard surgery for gynecological cancers often needs to be adapted according to cancer type and gestational age. Most standard regimens of chemotherapy can be administered after 14 weeks gestational age but are not recommended beyond 35 weeks. C-section is recommended for most cervical and vulvar cancers, whereas vaginal delivery is allowed in most ovarian cancers. Breast-feeding should be avoided with ongoing chemotherapeutic, endocrine or targeted treatment. More studies that focus on the long-term toxic effects of gynecologic cancer treatments are needed to provide a full understanding of their fetal impact. In particular, data on targeted therapies that are becoming standard of care in certain gynecological malignancies is still limited. Furthermore, more studies aimed at the definition of the exact prognosis of patients after antenatal cancer treatment are warranted. Participation in existing registries (www.cancerinpregnancy.org) and the creation of national tumor boards with multidisciplinary teams of care providers (supplementary Box S1, available at Annals of Oncology online) is encouraged

Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land–atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The “sapfluxnetr” R package – designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data – is available from CRAN

Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land?atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets,while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes.Fil: Poyatos, Rafael. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Granda, Víctor. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Flo, Víctor. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Adams, Mark A.. Swinburne University of Technology; Australia. University of Sydney; AustraliaFil: Adorján, Balázs. University of Debrecen; HungríaFil: Aguadé, David. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Aidar, Marcos P. M.. Institute of Botany; BrasilFil: Allen, Scott. University of Nevada; Estados UnidosFil: Alvarado Barrientos, M. Susana. Instituto de Ecología A.C.; MéxicoFil: Anderson Teixeira, Kristina J.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; PanamáFil: Aparecido, Luiza Maria. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Arain, M. Altaf. McMaster University; CanadáFil: Aranda, Ismael. National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology; EspañaFil: Asbjornsen, Heidi. University of New Hampshire; Estados UnidosFil: Robert Baxter. Durham University; Reino UnidoFil: Beamesderfer, Eric. McMaster University; Canadá. Northern Arizona University; Estados UnidosFil: Carter Berry, Z.. Chapman University; Estados UnidosFil: Berveiller, Daniel. Université Paris Saclay; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Blakely, Bethany. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Estados UnidosFil: Boggs, Johnny. United States Forest Service; Estados UnidosFil: Gil Bohrer. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Bolstad, Paul V.. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Bonal, Damien. Université de Lorraine; FranciaFil: Bracho, Rosvel. University of Florida; Estados UnidosFil: Brito, Patricia. Universidad de La Laguna; EspañaFil: Brodeur, Jason. McMaster University; CanadáFil: Casanoves, Fernando. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza; Costa RicaFil: Chave, Jérôme. Université Paul Sabatier; FranciaFil: Chen, Hui. Xiamen University; ChinaFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Cruz. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz; Argentin

Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation : Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites

We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration (T) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three dailyTestimates shows high correlation among methods (Rbetween .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes ofT/ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC-basedTestimates show higher correlation to sap flow-basedTthan EC-based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies ofT/ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high-quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows thatT/ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability ofT/ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall,TandT/ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understandingTglobally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data-based estimates of ecosystemTpermitting a data-driven perspective on the role of plants' water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate.Peer reviewe