La integración europea en la lucha contra la corrupción privada en torno a la cuestión del interés jurídico penalmente protegido

The fight against private corruption is a highly complex criminal phenomenon that needs to be tackled by the European Union, by joint and uniform actions. For the Member States to face this social scourge en bloc, in an integrated manner, it is essential to achieve a proper understanding of the commercial bribery conduct that should be criminally relevant. To do this, we cannot avoid the controversial question relating to the criminal interest protected by this offence. For such purpose, we will examine the content of Council Framework Decision 2003/568/JHA, of 22 July 2003, and the status and new legislative tre nds concerning with the incriminating models implemented by France, Italy and Germany.Finally, we will conclude our study examining the latest developments in our countryLa lucha contra la corrupción privada, al tratarse de un fenómeno criminal de gran complejidad, requiere ser abordada por la Unión Europea de un modo conjunto y uniforme. Para que los Estados miembros puedan hacer frente en bloque a esta lacra social, de forma integrada, es esencial que exista una debida comprensión de las conductas de soborno comercial que deben ser penalmente relevantes, siendo de ineludible tratamiento la discutida cuestión del interés penalmente tutelado por este delito. A tal fin se examinará el contenido de la Decisión Marco 2003/568/JAI del Consejo, de 22 de julio de 2003, y el estado y nuevas tendencias legislativas de los modelos incriminatorios adoptados por Francia, Italia, Alemania, para finalizar con las últimas novedades habidas en nuestro paí

La irrazonabilidad como injusticia en el delito de prevaricación judicial. A propósito de la STS n.º 585/2017 de 20 de julio de 2017 (Caso Fernando Presencia)

En la presente obra se sostiene que la noción de «injusticia», a los efectos de tipicidad de la prevaricación judicial, es un sinónimo de «irrazonabilidad». Tal y como aquí se concibe, dos son los presupuestos jurídicos que deben concurrir para entender que una decisión judicial es «irrazonable», único momento en el que la conducta cometida por el juez o magistrado tendrá verdadera relevancia penal. Para ello, aprovechando la reciente sentencia del Tribunal Supremo dictada en el caso Fernando Presencia, se examinarán los fundamentos jurídicos y presupuestos del elemento objetivo del tipo «resolución injusta»; y finalmente se analizará si en este caso en concreto se dan todos los requisitos necesarios para colmar las exigencias de dicho elemento del tipo de la prevaricación judicial.In this work, it is argued that the notion of ‘injustice’, as an element of the unfair decisions rendered by Judges, is a synonym of ‘unreasonableness’. We hold that two necessary conditions must concur so that the judgment can be considered ‘unreasonable’. In that moment, and only in that case, the conduct committed by the Judges will be relevant from a criminal point of view. To do so, on the base of the recent Supreme Court judgement issued in the case Fernando Presencia, we will examine the legal foundations of the objective element ‘unjust resolution’; and, finally, it will be analyzed if, in this case, all the necessary requirements concur to appreciate this element of the offense

En torno a la corrupción privada regulada en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal

La criminalización de los actos de corrupción en el sector privado en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) forma parte de una corriente expansiva e intensiva del Derecho penal que no es aislada o autónoma para el Ecuador. En la nueva legislación anticorrupción es posible observar ciertos problemas, tal vez derivados de los conflictos que existen con los principios limitadores del Derecho penal, dentro del modelo constitucional de derechos y justicia, así como otras incógnitas a la hora de interpretar los elementos objetivos del tipo penal, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta la política criminal que busca satisfacer esta necesidad. Aplicando una metodología analítica y comparativa frente a estas actuales cuestiones, la experiencia española en materia penal puede servir de guía, por cuanto incorporó a su legislación una figura similar hace ya más de una década. Desde esta perspectiva podrán establecerse una serie de conclusiones que acentuarán la necesidad de reformar el Código Orgánico Integral Penal para evitar previsibles problemas en la aplicación del nuevo delito

Models of Sports Management in Fitness Centres. Influence of Sex, Age and Sport Frequency. Linear Models vs. Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Knowing the perceptions of users of sports services has always been an object of analysis within sports management. This paper attempts to analyse what influences the satisfaction and future intentions of fitness centre customers, beyond management variables, by using two different methodologies. A sample of 389 users of a private sports centre was used. Both linear relationships between variables and the combination of sets were analysed using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis fsQCA. It is concluded that management variables (service quality, satisfaction and perceived value) are very important for the prediction of management models, but that, according to the interaction methodology between variables, both frequency and sociodemographic variables play an important role in achieving satisfied and loyal users of the sports service. For the prediction of customers’ future intentions, within the analysed sets, it is observed that satisfaction and perceived value are the most predictive variables (raw coverage 0.66). Therefore, and as a consequence, a high number of satisfied and loyal users of the service will allow the economic viability of this service to be achieved.Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Recensión del libro de Rafael Alcácer Guirao, La libertad del odio. Discurso intolerante y protección penal de minorias = Recension of the book by Rafael Alcácer Guirao, La libertad del odio. Discurso intolerante y protección penal de minorias

Recensão do livro recentemente publicado pelo Prof. Dr. Rafael Alcácer Guirao sobre o discurso de ódio e a proteção penal das minorias

En torno a la corrupción privada regulada en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (Sección Abierta)

The criminalization of the commercial bribery in the Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) is part of an expansive and intensive current of criminal law that is not exclusive or autonomous for Ecuador. In the fresh anti-corruption legislation, several important issues can be observ ed, perhaps originated from the conflict that exists with the limiting principles of Criminal Law, within the constitutional system of rights and justice, as well as other unknowns when interpreting the objective elements of the offence, especially if we consider the criminal policy that seeks to satisfy this need. Applying an analytical and comparative methodology to these current issues, the Spanish experience in criminal matters can serve as a guide, since it incorporated a similar figure into its legislation more than a decade ago. From this perspective, some conclusions may be established that will emphasize the need to amend the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code to prevent foreseeable problems in the application of the new offence.La criminalización de los actos de corrupción en el sector privado en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP) forma parte de una corriente expansiva e intensiva del Derecho penal que no es aislada o autónoma para el Ecuador. En la nueva legislación anticorrupción es posible observar ciertos problemas, tal vez derivados de los conflictos que existen con los principios limitadores del Derecho penal, dentro del modelo constitucional de derechos y justicia, así como otras incógnitas a la hora de interpretar los elementos objetivos del tipo penal, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta la política criminal que busca satisfacer esta necesidad. Aplicando una metodología analítica y comparativa frente a estas actuales cuestiones, la experiencia española en materia penal puede servir de guía, por cuanto incorporó a su legislación una figura similar hace ya más de una década. Desde esta perspectiva podrán establecerse una serie de conclusiones que acentuarán la necesidad de reformar el Código Orgánico Integral Penal para evitar previsibles problemas en la aplicación del nuevo delito

Models of Sports management in fitness centres. Influence of sex, age and sport frequency. Linear models vs. qualitative comparative analysis

Knowing the perceptions of users of sports services has always been an object of analysis within sports management. This paper attempts to analyse what influences the satisfaction and future intentions of fitness centre customers, beyond management variables, by using two different methodologies. A sample of 389 users of a private sports centre was used. Both linear relationships between variables and the combination of sets were analysed using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis fsQCA. It is concluded that management variables (service quality, satisfaction and perceived value) are very important for the prediction of management models, but that, according to the interaction methodology between variables, both frequency and sociodemographic variables play an important role in achieving satisfied and loyal users of the sports service. For the prediction of customers' future intentions, within the analysed sets, it is observed that satisfaction and perceived value are the most predictive variables (raw coverage 0.66). Therefore, and as a consequence, a high number of satisfied and loyal users of the service will allow the economic viability of this service to be achieved

Impact of late presentation of HIV infection on short-, mid- and long-term mortality and causes of death in a multicenter national cohort : 2004-2013

To analyze the impact of late presentation (LP) on overall mortality and causes of death and describe LP trends and risk factors (2004-2013). Cox models and logistic regression were used to analyze data from a nation-wide cohort in Spain. LP is defined as being diagnosed when CD4 < 350 cells/ml or AIDS. Of 7165 new HIV diagnoses, 46.9% (CI:45.7-48.0) were LP, 240 patients died.First-year mortality was the highest (aHR = 10.3[CI:5.5-19.3]); between 1 and 4 years post-diagnosis, aHR = 1.9(1.2-3.0); an

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women