Dos intents metodològics d'apropar els recursos arqueològics a l'aula

La voluntat de millorar la infraestructura museística per part dels responsables del Museu d'Alcoi, i el treball coordinat amb un grup de professors adscrits al CEP de la mateixa localitat, ha fet realitat l'elaboració de materials didàctics adients per apropar el museu - i amb ell la història- al públic escolar. Aquesta comunicació mostra les possibilitats divulgatives que emanen d'un treball a dues bandes, ensenyants i arqueòlegs, que fructifica en la realitat d'uns serveis pedagògics a l'abast dels centres educatius que desitgin aproparse al Museu.La voluntad de mejorar la infraestructura museística por parte de los responsables del Museo de Alcoi, y el trabajo coordinado con un grupo de professores adscritos al CEP de la misma localidad, ha hecho realidad la elaboración de materiales didácticos adecuados para acercar el museo - i con él la historia- al público escolar. Esta comunicación muestra las posibilidades divulgativas que emanan de un trabajo a dos bandas, enseñantes y arqueólogos, que fructifica en la realidad de unos servicios pedagógicos al alcance de los centros educativos que deseen acercarse al Museo

Dos intents metodològics d'apropar els recursos arqueològics a l'aula

La voluntat de millorar la infraestructura museística per part dels responsables del Museu d'Alcoi, i el treball coordinat amb un grup de professors adscrits al CEP de la mateixa localitat, ha fet realitat l'elaboració de materials didàctics adients per apropar el museu - i amb ell la història- al públic escolar. Aquesta comunicació mostra les possibilitats divulgatives que emanen d'un treball a dues bandes, ensenyants i arqueòlegs, que fructifica en la realitat d'uns serveis pedagògics a l'abast dels centres educatius que desitgin aproparse al Museu.La voluntad de mejorar la infraestructura museística por parte de los responsables del Museo de Alcoi, y el trabajo coordinado con un grupo de professores adscritos al CEP de la misma localidad, ha hecho realidad la elaboración de materiales didácticos adecuados para acercar el museo - i con él la historia- al público escolar. Esta comunicación muestra las posibilidades divulgativas que emanan de un trabajo a dos bandas, enseñantes y arqueólogos, que fructifica en la realidad de unos servicios pedagógicos al alcance de los centros educativos que deseen acercarse al Museo

Geographical inequalities in energy poverty in a Mediterranean city: using small-area Bayesian spatial models

Energy poverty (EP) is becoming an increasingly important problem in the urban contexts of southern Europe. In Barcelona, EP indicators are higher than those of the European Union and are strongly associated with poor health status and high use of health services and medication, becoming a major public health problem. EP is unevenly distributed in the population of Barcelona, according to axes of social stratification. However, its geographic distribution at the small-area level remains unknown because it cannot be directly estimated with the available information sources and commonly used methods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze geographical inequalities in EP in Barcelona by estimating reliable small-area EP indicators and a composite indicator (index). We used a novel method that allowed us to obtain 6 EP indicators for the 73 Barcelona neighborhoods and an EP index from a principal component analysis of these indicators. We found major geographical inequalities in the distribution of EP in Barcelona. Many neighborhoods had significantly higher EP than the city average, and these areas made up 3 well-defined spatial clusters. Therefore, the estimated small-area indicators and index allowed identification of the most affected neighborhoods. These results indicate the need to prioritize these areas for local interventions to alleviate EP, and could also be used for policy making

Methods to smooth mortality indicators: application to analysis of inequalities in mortality in Spanish cities (the MEDEA Project)

Aunque la experiencia en el estudio de las desigualdades en la mortalidad en las ciudades españolas es amplia, quedan grandes núcleos urbanos que no han sido investigados utilizando la sección censal como unidad de análisis territorial. En este contexto se sitúa el proyecto coordinado «Desigualdades socioeconómicas y medioambientales en la mortalidad en ciudades de España. Proyecto MEDEA», en el cual participan 10 grupos de investigadores de Andalucía, Aragón, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, Comunitat Valenciana y País Vasco. Cabe señalar cuatro particularidades: a) se utiliza como área geográfica básica la sección censal; b) se emplean métodos estadísticos que tienen en cuenta la estructura geográfica de la región de estudio para la estimación de riesgos; c) se aprovechan las oportunidades que ofrecen 3 fuentes de datos complementarias (información sobre contaminación atmosférica, información sobre contaminación industrial y registros de mortalidad), y d) se emprende un análisis coordinado de gran alcance, favorecido por la implantación de la redes temáticas de investigación. El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar los métodos para la suavización de indicadores de mortalidad en el proyecto MEDEA. El artículo se centra en la metodología y los resultados del modelo de mapa de enfermedades de Besag, York y Mollié (BYM). Aunque en el proyecto se han suavizado, mediante el modelo BYM, las rezones de mortalidad estandarizadas (RME) correspondientes a 17 grandes grupos de causas de defunción y 28 causas específicas, aquí se aplica esta metodología a la mortalidad por cáncer de tráquea, de bronquios y de pulmón en ambos sexos en la ciudad de Barcelona durante el período 1996-2003. Como resultado se aprecia un diferente patrón geográfico en las RME suavizadas en ambos sexos. En los hombres se observan unas RME mayores que la unidad en los barrios con mayor privación socioeconómica. En las mujeres este patron se observa en las zonas con un mayor nivel socioeconómico. Although there is some experience in the study of mortality inequalities in Spanish cities, there are large urban centers that have not yet been investigated using the census tract as the unit of territorial analysis. The coordinated project was designed to fill this gap, with the participation of 10 groups of researchers in Andalusia, Aragon, Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, Valencia, and the Basque Country. The MEDEA project has four distinguishing features: a) the census tract is used as the basic geographical area; b) statistical methods that include the geographical structure of the region under study are employed for risk estimation; c) data are drawn from three complementary data sources (information on air pollution, information on industrial pollution, and the records of mortality registrars), and d) a coordinated, large-scale analysis, favored by the implantation of coordinated research networks, is carried out. The main objective of the present study was to explain the methods for smoothing mortality indicators in the context of the MEDEA project. This study focusses on the methodology and the results of the Besag, York and Mollié model (BYM) in disease mapping. In the MEDEA project, standardized mortality ratios (SMR), corresponding to 17 large groups of causes of death and 28 specific causes, were smoothed by means of the BYM model; however, in the present study this methodology was applied to mortality due to cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lung in men and women in the city of Barcelona from 1996 to 2003. As a result of smoothing, a different geographical pattern for SMR in both genders was observed. In men, a SMR higher than unity was found in highly deprived areas. In contrast, in women, this pattern was observed in more affluent areas.Estudio parcialmente financiado por el proyecto «Mortalidad en áreas pequeñas Españolas y Desigualdades socioEconómicas y Ambientales (MEDEA)»: PI04/0399 (GRECS, Universitat de Girona), PI04/2013 (ASPB, Barcelona), PI04/0388 (Departamento de Sanidad y Servicio Vasco de Salud, Gobierno Vasco), PI04/0041 (CNE, ISCIII), PI04/0170 (Conselleria de Sanitat, Valencia); por la Red de Centros de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (FISS C03/09); y por el CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP).S

Socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality in small areas of 15 European cities

This study analysed socioeconomic inequalities in mortality due to injuries in small areas of 15 European cities, by sex, at the beginning of this century. A cross-sectional ecological study with units of analysis being small areas within 15 European cities was conducted. Relative risks of injury mortality associated with the socioeconomic deprivation index were estimated using hierarchical Bayesian model. The number of small areas varies from 17 in Bratislava to 2666 in Turin. The median population per small area varies by city (e.g. Turin had 274 inhabitants per area while Budapest had 76,970). Socioeconomic inequalities in all injury mortality are observed in the majority of cities and are more pronounced in men. In the cities of northern and western Europe, socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality are found for most types of injuries. These inequalities are not significant in the majority of cities in southern Europe among women and in the majority of central eastern European cities for both sexes. The results confirm the existence of socioeconomic inequalities in injury related mortality and reveal variations in their magnitude between different European cities.This paper has been partially funded by the project INEQ-CITIES, “Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: evidence and policies of cities of Europe”; project funded by the Executive Agency for Health and Consumers (Commission of the European Union), project no. 2008 12 13

Socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality in small areas of 15 European cities

This study analysed socioeconomic inequalities in mortality due to injuries in small areas of 15 European cities, by sex, at the beginning of this century. A cross-sectional ecological study with units of analysis being small areas within 15 European cities was conducted. Relative risks of injury mortality associated with the socioeconomic deprivation index were estimated using hierarchical Bayesian model. The number of small areas varies from 17 in Bratislava to 2666 in Turin. The median population per small area varies by city (e.g. Turin had 274 inhabitants per area while Budapest had 76,970). Socioeconomic inequalities in all injury mortality are observed in the majority of cities and are more pronounced in men. In the cities of northern and western Europe, socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality are found for most types of injuries. These inequalities are not significant in the majority of cities in southern Europe among women and in the majority of central eastern European cities for both sexes. The results confirm the existence of socioeconomic inequalities in injury related mortality and reveal variations in their magnitude between different European cities.This paper has been partially funded by the project INEQ-CITIES, “Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: evidence and policies of cities of Europe”; project funded by the Executive Agency for Health and Consumers (Commission of the European Union), project no. 2008 12 13