Técnicas de interpolación weno y su aplicación al procesamiento de imágenes

Un problema común en la teoría de aproximación es la reconstrucción de una función a partir de un conjunto de valores discretos de datos que dan información sobre la función misma. Esta\ud información por lo general viene dada como valores puntuales o medias en celda de la función sobre un conjunto finito de puntos o celdas, respectivamente. La función es aproximada por un interpolante, es decir, por otra función cuyos valores puntuales o medias en celda coinciden con los de la función original. Este interpolante puede ser construido por interpolación lineal. En este caso la exactitud de la aproximación cerca de una singularidad está limitada y depende del orden de la singularidad, de modo que si construimos el polinomio interpolador basándonos en un stencil que cruza la singularidad obtendremos una aproximación insatisfactoria. Esto significa que aumentar el grado del polinomio producirá regiones más grandes de mala aproximación alrededor de las singularidades. Para aumentar la exactitud la solución es escoger los puntos de forma que el stencil quede dentro de la parte suave de la función, siempre que esto sea posible. Esta es la idea que hay detrás de la técnica de interpolación ENO (Esencialmente No Oscilatoria), introducida por Harten et al., que es un procedimiento no lineal con el que la región de poca exactitud queda reducida al intervalo que contiene la singularidad, siempre y cuando las singularidades estén suficientemente bien separadas. Liu et al. introdujeron una mejora sobre la técnica ENO, llamada weighted ENO (ENO ponderado), que consiste en reconstruir un polinomio que interpola los valores puntuales de la solución de una ley de conservación hiperbólica a partir de las medias en celda de la solución débil. En la interpolación WENO se asignan a cada celda todos los stencils que la contienen, y el polinomio interpolador se calcula como combinación lineal convexa de todos los polinomios correspondientes a estos stencils. La clave es asignar los pesos más convenientes a la combinación. Estos pesos deben ser elegidos de forma que en la combinación los polinomios interpoladores en los stencils que cruzan una singularidad tengan una contribución casi nula. En las regiones suaves se utiliza la información proporcionada por todas las celdas contenidas en los stencils del proceso de selección ENO, y el resultado es un mayor orden de exactitud. En este trabajo se ha integrado la técnica WENO en el entorno de multirresolución de Harten, y se ha adaptado a los contextos de medias en celda y valores puntuales. En ambos casos se proponen nuevas medidas para la suavidad de una función. Además, en el contexto de valores puntuales se propone una modificación en la definición de los pesos WENO, que mejora el orden de la aproximación en presencia de singularidades. En la definición de los pesos WENO se introduce un ε positivo para evitar que el denominador se anule y se suele tomar ε constante. En esta tesis se propone tomar ε=h2, lo que permite demostrar que si la función es suave en al menos r+1 puntos y tiene una discontinuidad dentro del stencil de 2r puntos, entonces obtenemos al menos una aproximación de orden r+1, es decir, como mínimo obtenemos el mismo orden que el interpolante ENO, y en las zonas suaves de la función el orden de la aproximación es óptimo incluso en presencia de puntos críticos en los que se anulen las dos primeras derivadas. Las técnicas de interpolación WENO se comparan, mediante diferentes experimentos numéricos, con las técnicas de interpolación lineal, ENO y ENO-SR, para poder concluir qué método proporciona la mayor exactitud en cada caso.A common problem in approximation theory is to reconstruct a function from a discrete set of data which gives information on the function itself. This information will usually come in the form of point-values or cell-averages of the function, which is then approximated by an interpolant, that is, another function whose values at a given set of points or cell-averages are equal to those of the original one. This interpolant can be built through linear interpolation, but in this case the accuracy of the approximation in the presence of a singularity is limited by the order of the singularity, so that any stencil crossing it will result in a poor approximation. In order to improve the accuracy of the approximation we need to choose stencils that avoid crossing singularities, whenever this is possible. That is the idea behind the ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) technique, introduced by Harten et al. WENO (weighted ENO) was introduced by Liu et al. as an improvement upon ENO. The idea is to assign to each subinterval all the stencils containing it, and construct the interpolating polynomial as a linear convex combination of the corresponding polynomials. In this way we use all the information provided by the nodes contained in the candidate stencils in the ENO selection process, and this should give a higher order of accuracy in smooth regions of the function. The key point is the assignment of weights to the convex combination. In this work we have incorporated WENO to Harten's multiresolution framework, and adapted it to the context of cell-averages and point-values. Moreover, for point-values we propose a modification in the definition of the weights, producing a higher order of accuracy in the presence of singularities. We also compare the WENO technique with other interpolation techniques through numerical experimentation

Treatment and reuse of textile wastewaters by mild solar photo-Fenton in the presence of humic-like substances

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7889-1In this paper, the possibility of reusing textile effluents for new dyeing baths has been investigated. For this purpose, different trichromies using Direct Red 80, Direct Blue 106, and Direct Yellow 98 on cotton have been used. Effluents have been treated by means of a photo-Fenton process at pH 5. Addition of humic-like substances isolated form urban wastes is necessary in order to prevent iron deactivation because of the formation of non-active iron hydroxides. Laboratory-scale experiments carried out with synthetic effluents show that comparable results were obtained when using as solvent water treated by photo-Fenton with SBO and fresh deionized water. Experiments were scaled up to pilot plant illuminated under sunlight, using in this case a real textile effluent. Decoloration of the effluent could be achieved after moderate irradiation and cotton dyed with this water presented similar characteristics as when deionized water was used.This work was realized with the financial support of a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange project funded by the European Commission H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014 within the framework of the research project Mat4treaT (project number 645551). Financial support from Spanish Government (CTQ2015-69832-C4-4-R) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria d’Educació, Cultura i Esport (GV/AICO/2015/124) and CTQ2015-69832-C4-4-R.García-Negueroles, P.; Bou-Belda, E.; Santos-Juanes Jordá, L.; Amat Payá, AM.; Arques Sanz, A.; Vercher Pérez, RF.; Monllor Pérez, P.... (2017). Treatment and reuse of textile wastewaters by mild solar photo-Fenton in the presence of humic-like substances. 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Variation for Composition and Quality in a Collection of the Resilient Mediterranean 'de penjar' Long Shelf-Life Tomato Under High and Low N Fertilization Levels

[EN] The 'de penjar' tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a group of local varieties from the Spanish Mediterranean region carrying the alc mutation, which provides long shelf-life. Their evolution under low-input management practices has led to the selection of resilient genotypes to adverse conditions. Here we present the first evaluation on nutritional fruit composition of a collection of 44 varieties of 'de penjar' tomato under two N fertilization levels, provided by doses of manure equivalent to 162 kg N ha(-1) in the high N treatment and 49 kg N ha(-1) in the low N treatment. Twenty-seven fruit composition and quality traits, as well as plant yield and SPAD value, were evaluated. A large variation was observed, with lycopene being the composition trait with the highest relative range of variation (over 4-fold) under both N treatments, and significant differences among varieties were detected for all traits. While yield and most quality traits were not affected by the reduction in N fertilization, fruits from the low N treatment had, on average, higher values for hue (5.9%) and lower for fructose (-11.5%), glucose (-15.8%), and total sweetness index (-12.9%). In addition, lycopene and beta-carotene presented a strongly significant genotype x N input interaction. Local varieties had higher values than commercial varieties for traits related to the ratio of sweetness to acidity and for vitamin C, which reinforces the appreciation for their organoleptic and nutritional quality. Highest-yielding varieties under both conditions displayed wide variation in the composition and quality profiles, which may allow the selection of specific ideotypes with high quality under low N conditions. These results revealed the potential of 'de penjar' varieties as a genetic resource in breeding for low N inputs and improving the organoleptic and nutritional tomato fruit quality.This work has been funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 774244 (Breeding for resilient, efficient and sustainable organic vegetable production; BRESOV), by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion under grant agreement no. PCI2019-103375 (project SOLNUE in the framework of the H2020 call SusCrop-ERA-Net; ID#47), and by Generalitat Valenciana (Conselleria d'Innovacio, Universitats, Ciencia I Societat Digital) under grant agreement no. AICO/2020/042. ER-M is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a pre-doctoral grant (BES-2016-077482).Rosa-Martínez, E.; Adalid-Martinez, AM.; Alvarado, LE.; Burguet-Belda, R.; García-Martínez, MD.; Pereira-Días, L.; Casanova-Calancha, C.... (2021). Variation for Composition and Quality in a Collection of the Resilient Mediterranean 'de penjar' Long Shelf-Life Tomato Under High and Low N Fertilization Levels. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.6339571191

DNA sequences within glioma-derived extracellular vesicles can cross the intact blood-brain barrier and be detected in peripheral blood of patients

Tumor-cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross the disrupted bloodbrain barrier (BBB) into the bloodstream. However, in certain gliomas, the BBB remains intact, which might limit EVs release. To evaluate the ability of tumor-derived EVs to cross the BBB, we used an orthotopic xenotransplant mouse model of human glioma-cancer stem cells featuring an intact BBB. We demonstrated that all types of tumor cells-derived EVs−apoptotic bodies, shedding microvesicles and exosomes− cross the intact BBB and can be detected in the peripheral blood, which provides a minimally invasive method for their detection compared to liquid biopsies obtained from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Furthermore, these EVs can be readily distinguished from total murine EVs, since they carry human-specific DNA sequences relevant for GBM biology. In a small cohort of glioma patients, we finally demonstrated that peripheral blood EVs cargo can be successfully used to detect the presence of IDH1G395A, an essential biomarker in the current management of human gliomaWe are grateful for the financial support from the ‘Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias’ (FIS) (PI10/01069 and PI14/00077) and the ‘Miguel Servet Program’ (CP11/00147) from the ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (AAS), RTC-2015-3846-1 from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER fund

Immunogenic dynamics and SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralisation of the heterologous ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 vaccination: Secondary analysis of the randomised CombiVacS study

Background: The CombiVacS study was designed to assess immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the heterologous ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 combination, and 14-day results showed a strong immune response. The present secondary analysis addresses the evolution of humoral and cellular response up to day 180. Methods: Between April 24 and 30, 2021, 676 adults primed with ChAdOx1-S were enrolled in five hospitals in Spain, and randomised to receive BNT162b2 as second dose (interventional group [IG]) or no vaccine (control group [CG]). Individuals from CG received BNT162b2 as second dose and also on day 28, as planned based on favourable results on day 14. Humoral immunogenicity, measured by immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD), antibody functionality using pseudovirus neutralisation assays for the reference (G614), Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants, as well as cellular immune response using interferon-γ and IL-2 immunoassays were assessed at day 28 after BNT162b2 in both groups, at day 90 (planned only in the interventional group) and at day 180 (laboratory data cut-off on Nov 19, 2021). This study was registered with EudraCT (2021-001978-37) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04860739). Findings: In this secondary analysis, 664 individuals (441 from IG and 223 from CG) were included. At day 28 post vaccine, geometric mean titres (GMT) of RBD antibodies were 5616·91 BAU/mL (95% CI 5296·49-5956·71) in the IG and 7298·22 BAU/mL (6739·41-7903·37) in the CG (p 1:100 at day 180 (19% and 22%, respectively). Interpretation: Titres of RBD antibodies decay over time, similar to homologous regimes. Our findings suggested that delaying administration of the second dose did not have a detrimental effect after vaccination and may have improved the response obtained. Lower neutralisation was observed against Omicron and Beta variants at day 180.Funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). AMB, AJC, JO, and JF are members of the VACCELERATE (European Corona Vaccine Trial Accelerator Platform) Network, which aims to facilitate and accelerate the design and implementation of COVID-19 phase 2 and 3 vaccine trials. JO is a member of the INsTRuCT (Innovative Training in Myeloid Regulatory Cell Therapy) Consortium, a network of European scientists from academia and industry focused on developing innovative immunotherapies. This work is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, a Spanish public body assigned to the Ministry of Science and Innovation that manages and promotes public clinical research related to public health. The Spanish Clinical Trials Platform is a public network funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant numbers PTC20/00018 and PT17/0017), the State Plan for Research, Development, and Innovation 2013−16, the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017−20, and the Subdirectorate General for Evaluation and Promotion of Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofinanced with FEDER funds. CombiVacS was designed under the umbrella of the VACCELERATE project. VACCELER ATE and INsTRuCT received funding from the EU’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement numbers 101037867 and 860003). The Instituto de Salud Carlos III is the Spanish partner in the VACCELERATE project. This work is partially funded by Institute of Health Carlos III (Instituto de Salud Carlos III − ISCIII −), (grants PI19CIII/00004 to JA and PI21CIII/00025 to MPO and JGP), and COVID-19 FUND (grants COV20/00679 and COV20/00072 to MPO and JA) and CIBERINFEC, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) “A way to make Europe”. The authors thank all trial participants, the international data safety monitoring board (Appendix 1 p 23), and the trial steering committee (Appendix 1 pp 24−25). The authors thank Esther Prieto for editorial assistance and writing support (employed by Hospital Universitario La Paz; funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, grant number PCT20/00018) and María Castillo-de la Osa (PEJ2018-004557-A) for excellent technical assistance.S

Frequency, risk factors, and outcomes of hospital readmissions of COVID-19 patients

To determine the proportion of patients with COVID-19 who were readmitted to the hospital and the most common causes and the factors associated with readmission. Multicenter nationwide cohort study in Spain. Patients included in the study were admitted to 147 hospitals from March 1 to April 30, 2020. Readmission was defined as a new hospital admission during the 30 days after discharge. Emergency department visits after discharge were not considered readmission. During the study period 8392 patients were admitted to hospitals participating in the SEMI-COVID-19 network. 298 patients (4.2%) out of 7137 patients were readmitted after being discharged. 1541 (17.7%) died during the index admission and 35 died during hospital readmission (11.7%, p = 0.007). The median time from discharge to readmission was 7 days (IQR 3-15 days). The most frequent causes of hospital readmission were worsening of previous pneumonia (54%), bacterial infection (13%), venous thromboembolism (5%), and heart failure (5%). Age [odds ratio (OR): 1.02; 95% confident interval (95% CI): 1.01-1.03], age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index score (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06-1.21), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.26-2.69), asthma (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.04-2.22), hemoglobin level at admission (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), ground-glass opacification at admission (OR: 0.86; 95% CI:0.76-0.98) and glucocorticoid treatment (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.00-1.66) were independently associated with hospital readmission. The rate of readmission after hospital discharge for COVID-19 was low. Advanced age and comorbidity were associated with increased risk of readmission

Clinical and Ecological Impact of an Educational Program to Optimize Antibiotic Treatments in Nursing Homes (PROA-SENIOR): A Cluster, Randomized, Controlled Trial and Interrupted Time-Series Analysis

[Background] Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are recommended in nursing homes (NHs), although data are limited. We aimed to determine the clinical and ecological impact of an ASP for NHs.[Methods] We performed a cluster, randomized, controlled trial and a before–after study with interrupted time-series analyses in 14 NHs for 30 consecutive months from July 2018 to December 2020 in Andalusia, Spain. Seven facilities implemented an ASP with a bundle of 5 educational measures (general ASP) and 7 added 1-to-1 educational interviews (experimental ASP). The primary outcome was the overall use of antimicrobials, calculated monthly as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 resident days (DRD).[Results] The total mean antimicrobial consumption decreased by 31.2% (−16.72 DRD; P = .045) with respect to the preintervention period; the overall use of quinolones and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid dropped by 52.2% (P = .001) and 42.5% (P = .006), respectively; and the overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) decreased from 24.7% to 17.4% (P = .012). During the intervention period, 12.5 educational interviews per doctor were performed in the experimental ASP group; no differences were found in the total mean antimicrobial use between groups (−14.62 DRD; P = .25). Two unexpected coronavirus disease 2019 waves affected the centers increasing the overall mean use of antimicrobials by 40% (51.56 DRD; P < .0001).[Conclusions] This study suggests that an ASP for NHs appears to be associated with a decrease in total consumption of antimicrobials and prevalence of MDROs. This trial did not find benefits associated with educational interviews, probably due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.[Clinical Trials Registration] NCT03543605.Peer reviewe

Comparación de resultados de osteotomías de Smith-Petersen, osteotomías de sustracción pedicular y vertebrectomía en el tratamiento de desequilibrio sagital

OBJETIVO: Comparar los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de pacientes sometidos a osteotomías de Smith-Petersen (SPO), de sustracción pedicular (PSO) y vertebrectomías (VCR) en pacientes con desequilibrio sagital. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y retrospectivo. Se compararon 42 pacientes sometidos a 3 SPO (n=14), 1 PSO (n=16) y 1 VCR (n=12) por desequilibrio sagital fijo en el periodo de 2003-2011. La muestra constó de 71,4% de hombres y la edad promedio fue 43 años (17-74). El tiempo de seguimiento promedio fue 5 años. Se registraron las complicaciones, los resultados del cuestionario SRS-22, el ángulo de cifosis y eje sagital vertical (SVA) en el preoperatorio y a los 2 años postoperatorios. RESULTADOS: El tiempo quirúrgico (min.) fue menor en SPO respecto a PSO y VCR (420±347 vs. 578±459 vs. 533±435) (p<0,00). El sangrado intraoperatorio (cc) fue menor en SPO respecto a PSO y VCR (1341±804 vs. 2364±1459 vs, 2134±1335) (p<0,03). Del total, 38% presentaron complicaciones. No se observaron diferencias en el promedio de corrección en la cifosis segmentaria, pero sí en la corrección del SVA, siendo menor SPO. En el SRS-22, en los tres grupos se presentaron cambios significativos en todos los dominios respecto al preoperatorio, sin diferencias significativas entre grupos. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontraron diferencias en las complicaciones, aunque fueron de mayor gravedad en PSO y VCR. No había diferencias en la corrección de la cifosis segmentaria, pero PSO y VCR obtuvieron mejores resultados en la modificación del SVA. No había diferencias en la calidad de vida

Lenguas extranjeras : Inglés

Esta guía forma parte de un conjunto de materiales concebidos para facilitar el desarrollo del currículo en las diferentes áreas de conocimiento que integran la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Con su publicación, el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia pretende proporcionar a los profesores un instrumento que les ayude a seleccionar y utilizar recursos didácticos para el desarrollo de sus programaciones. La finalidad de la Guía de inglés es proporcionar información precisa, que sirva para elegir con rapidez aquellos materiales útiles para unas determinadas necesidades, se refieran éstas a un ciclo, contenidos, tema, situación de comunicación, etc. Se organiza en dos partes y una serie de anexos. La primera, 'Recursos gráficos', incluye cuatro secciones: recursos generales, propuestas globales que trabajan todos los bloques de contenido (libros de texto, etc.); específicos, para trabajar cada uno de los distintos bloques de contenido del área; complementarios, que incluye materiales variados y un apartado sobre elaboración de materiales propios y, por último, una sección de recursos de carácter teórico-práctico que pueden ayudar a la formación del profesorado. Y la segunda, 'Recursos basados en nuevas tecnologías', con dos secciones: recursos adudiovisuales e informáticos.MadridBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; [email protected]

Guía de recursos didácticos. Educación secundaria Obligatoria. Lenguas extranjeras : inglés

Se trata de una guía para apoyar al profesorado en la implantación de las nuevas enseñanzas, en el área de inglés para la ESO. Pretende proporcionar un instrumento que ayude a l@s profesor@s a seleccionar y utilizar recursos didácticos para el desarrollo de sus programaciones y, en consecuencia, para el trabajo con los alumnos en el aula.MadridBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; [email protected]