Uma reflexão sobre o Botulismo Alimentar (Clostridium botulinum)

The food is of great importance to the nutritional needs of humans, becoming a vehicle for the body's metabolic activities and innocuous, making it essential to the control of food quality and hygienic conditions. It is necessary to pay attention on food safety, quality control, sanitary, hygienic conditions in which these measures must be audited by government agencies, thus avoiding the occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBD). These measures focus on prevention of these diseases, which are for biological, chemical and physical agents. The present work had as objective reporting the seriousness attached to public health through the ingestion of the toxin released by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, emphasizing methods of preventing the development of the disease, based on the guidelines of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance. The bacteria that cause botulism, should not be associated only to eating food prepared at home, but also in restaurants and processed foods. Therefore, the botulism by contaminated food is of inestimable importance to global public health control, and preventive measures are essential to easing the incidence of cases of this disease.La comida es de gran importancia para las necesidades nutricionales de los seres humanos, convirtiéndose en un vehículo para actividades metabólicas del cuerpo e inocuo, lo que es esencial para el control de calidad de los alimentos y las condiciones de higiene. Es necesario prestar atención en la seguridad alimentaria, control de calidad, condiciones sanitarias, higiénicas en que estas medidas deben ser auditadas por organismos de gobierno, evitando así la ocurrencia de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA). Estas medidas se centran en la prevención de estas enfermedades, que son para los agentes biológicos, químicos o físicos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo informar de la gravedad a la salud pública a través de la ingestión de la toxina liberada por la bacteria Clostridium botulinum, haciendo hincapié en los métodos de prevenir el desarrollo de la enfermedad, basado en las directrices de la sanitaria y vigilancia epidemiológica. La bacteria que causa botulismo, no debería ser asociado únicamente a comer alimentos preparados en casa, sino también en restaurantes y alimentos procesados. Por lo tanto, el botulismo por alimentos contaminados es de inestimable importancia para control de la salud pública mundial, y las medidas preventivas son esenciales para reducir la incidencia de casos de esta enfermedad.RESUMO Os alimentos são de grande importância para as necessidades nutricionais dos seres humanos, transformando-se em veículo para as atividades metabólicas do organismo, devendo ser inócuo, tornando-se indispensável o controle de qualidade dos alimentos e condições higiênicos sanitárias. É necessário atentar-se na segurança alimentar, no controle de qualidade, nas condições higiênico sanitário, no qual estas medidas devem ser fiscalizadas por órgãos governamentais, assim evitando as ocorrências das doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA’s). Tais medidas incidem na prevenção dessas doenças, no qual apresentam-se por agentes biológicos, químicos e físicos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo relatar a gravidade vinculada a saúde pública através da ingestão da toxina liberada pela bactéria do Clostridium botulinum, salientando métodos de evitar o desenvolvimento da doença, tendo como base as orientações das Vigilâncias Sanitária e Epidemiológica. A bactéria que causa o botulismo, não deve ser associado unicamente à ingestão de alimentos preparados em casa, mas também, em restaurantes e alimentos industrializados. Portanto, o botulismo veiculado por alimentos contaminados é de inestimável relevância para o controle da saúde pública mundial, sendo que as medidas preventivas são imprescindíveis para amenização da incidência de casos dessa doença. Palavras-chave: Clostridium botulinum. Intoxicação alimentar. Segurança alimentar.   ABSTRACT The food is of great importance to the nutritional needs of humans, becoming a vehicle for the body's metabolic activities and innocuous, making it essential to the control of food quality and hygienic conditions. It is necessary to pay attention on food safety, quality control, sanitary, hygienic conditions in which these measures must be audited by government agencies, thus avoiding the occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBD). These measures focus on prevention of these diseases, which are for biological, chemical and physical agents. The present work had as objective reporting the seriousness attached to public health through the ingestion of the toxin released by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, emphasizing methods of preventing the development of the disease, based on the guidelines of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance. The bacteria that cause botulism, should not be associated only to eating food prepared at home, but also in restaurants and processed foods. Therefore, the botulism by contaminated food is of inestimable importance to global public health control, and preventive measures are essential to easing the incidence of cases of this disease. Keywords: Clostridium botulinum. Food poisoning. Food security.     RESUMEN La comida es de gran importancia para las necesidades nutricionales de los seres humanos, convirtiéndose en un vehículo para actividades metabólicas del cuerpo e inocuo, lo que es esencial para el control de calidad de los alimentos y las condiciones de higiene. Es necesario prestar atención en la seguridad alimentaria, control de calidad, condiciones sanitarias, higiénicas en que estas medidas deben ser auditadas por organismos de gobierno, evitando así la ocurrencia de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA). Estas medidas se centran en la prevención de estas enfermedades, que son para los agentes biológicos, químicos o físicos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo informar de la gravedad a la salud pública a través de la ingestión de la toxina liberada por la bacteria Clostridium botulinum, haciendo hincapié en los métodos de prevenir el desarrollo de la enfermedad, basado en las directrices de la sanitaria y vigilancia epidemiológica. La bacteria que causa botulismo, no debería ser asociado únicamente a comer alimentos preparados en casa, sino también en restaurantes y alimentos procesados. Por lo tanto, el botulismo por alimentos contaminados es de inestimable importancia para control de la salud pública mundial, y las medidas preventivas son esenciales para reducir la incidencia de casos de esta enfermedad. Descriptores: Botulinum de Clostridium. Intoxicación alimentaria. Seguridad alimentaria

Análise do perfil dos casos de queimaduras em Sergipe nos anos de 2013-2018. / Analysis of the profile of burn cases in Sergipe in the years of 2013-2018.

Introdução: As queimaduras são lesões decorrentes da ação direta ou indireta do calor sobre a pele, determinando intensa dor física e, nos casos mais graves, podem levar o indivíduo acometido a óbito. Por ser considerada um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, faz-se necessário o conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com queimadura em Sergipe nos últimos cinco anos para melhor determinar as medidas de prevenção desse agravo. Objetivo: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico das internações hospitalares por queimaduras no estado de Sergipe entre os meses de março de 2013 a março 2018. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), através do Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS), referentes aos casos de queimaduras admitidos na urgência, no período entre os meses de março de 2013 a março de 2018. Resultados: A base de dados analisou 850 casos. O número de queimaduras obteve prevalência do sexo masculino com 549 (64,59%).  De acordo com a faixa etária houve uma prevalência entre 1 a 4 anos e entre 30 a 39 anos, tendo a primeira 251 (29,53%) e a segunda 118 (13,88%) casos. Na variável relacionada à raça não se obteve informação em 808 (95,06%) ocorrências, sendo a raça parda, das catalogadas, a de maior predomínio com 22 (2,59%) registros. O Serviço de Urgência, quando comparado ao Eletivo, ficou em primeiro lugar com 840 (98,82%) casos, sendo o Hospital de Urgência de Sergipe (HUSE) o que teve a maior demanda alcançando 801 (94,24%).  A média de permanência hospitalar foi de 12 dias; e os óbitos corresponderam a 44 (5,18%) do total de queimados. Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou a importância de se conhecer o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que sofreram queimaduras para que se possa, baseados nesses dados, traçar estratégias de prevenção para reduzir a incidência dos acidentes.  Mister se torna ter uma equipe multidisciplinar qualificada para atender de forma integral e eficiente esse tipo de paciente.

Fatores associados à incidência e mortalidade por acidentes de estrada envolvendo motociclistas e pedestres: uma revisão sistemática rápida

Introduction: traffic accidents are the third leading cause of death in the world. Vulnerable road users do not benefit from a high level of protection. As such, they face devastating consequences when involved in accidents. Objective: to analyze the incidence and mortality, and associated factors in traffic accidents among motorcyclists and pedestrians. Methods: rapid Systematic review of articles from the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Web of Science databases using the descriptors Mortality, Accidents, traffic, Motorcyclists and Pedestrians. Inclusion criteria were: (1) studies involving pedestrians and motorcyclists; (2) the object of study is traffic accidents; (3) articles that studied mortality; and (4) articles published in the last ten years (2010-2019). Results: of the 206 articles found, 19 met the inclusion criteria. Factors such as increased sales of motorcycles, darkness on the roads, older pedestrians, lack of safety equipment for motorcyclists, and drug and alcohol intake contribute to the increase of the mortality rate of these individuals. Conclusion: mortality due to traffic accidents involving pedestrians and motorcyclists has increased during the analyzed period, especially among men.Introdução: os acidentes de trânsito são a terceira causa de morte no mundo. Os usuários vulneráveis ​​da estrada não têm um alto nível de proteção como outros tipos de vítimas. Portanto, esses indivíduos enfrentam consequências devastadoras quando envolvidos em acidentes. Objetivo: identificar a tendência da mortalidade, incidência e fatores associados aos acidentes de trânsito entre motociclistas e pedestres por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura. Método: trata-se de uma revisão sistemática das bases de indexação da National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Virtual Health Library (VHL) e Web of Science utilizando os descritores Mortality AND Accidents, Traffic AND Motorcycles AND Pedestrians. Para a seleção dos artigos, foram incluídos aqueles que obedeciam aos seguintes critérios: população que (1) inclui motociclistas e pedestres e (2) se envolveu em acidentes de trânsito; e artigos que (3) estudaram mortalidade, incidência e / ou fatores associados a acidentes de trânsito e (4) foram publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Resultados: dos 206 artigos encontrados, 19 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Fatores como aumento da venda de motocicletas, escuridão das vias, pedestres mais velhos, falta de equipamentos de segurança para os motociclistas e ingestão de drogas e / ou álcool contribuem para o aumento da taxa de mortalidade e incidência desses indivíduos. Conclusão: a mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito com pedestres e motociclistas tem aumentado nos últimos anos, com alta prevalência de mortalidade entre os homens. A maioria dos acidentes foi devido a falhas humanas e / ou deficiências nas vias públicas

High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroconversion rates before the second wave in Manaus, Brazil, and the protective effect of social behaviour measures: results from the prospective DETECTCoV-19 cohort

Background: The city of Manaus, Brazil, has seen two collapses of the health system due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibody seroconversion rates and associated risk factors in Manaus residents before the second wave of the epidemic in Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of adult (aged ≥18 years) residents of Manaus was recruited through online and university website advertising into the DETECTCoV-19 study cohort. The current analysis of seroconversion included a subgroup of DETECTCoV-19 participants who had at least two serum sample collections separated by at least 4 weeks between Aug 19 and Oct 2, 2020 (visit 1), and Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020 (visit 2). Those who reported (or had no data on) having a COVID-19 diagnosis before visit 1, and who were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at visit 1 were excluded. Using an in-house ELISA, the reactivity index (RI; calculated as the optical density ratio of the sample to the negative control) for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was measured at both visits. We calculated the incidence of seroconversion (defined as RI values ≤1·5 at visit 1 and ≥1·5 at visit 2, and a ratio >2 between the visit 2 and visit 1 RI values) during the study period, as well as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) through cluster-corrected and adjusted Poisson regression models to analyse associations between seroconversion and variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, health access, comorbidities, COVID-19 exposure, protective behaviours, and symptoms. Findings: 2496 DETECTCoV-19 cohort participants returned for a follow-up visit between Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020, of whom 204 reported having COVID-19 before the first visit and 24 had no data regarding previous disease status. 559 participants were seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at baseline. Of the remaining 1709 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 71 did not meet the criteria for seroconversion and were excluded from the analyses. Among the remaining 1638 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 214 showed seroconversion at visit 2. The seroconversion incidence was 13·06% (95% CI 11·52–14·79) overall and 6·78% (5·61–8·10) for symptomatic seroconversion, over a median follow-up period of 57 days (IQR 54–61). 48·1% of seroconversion events were estimated to be asymptomatic. The sample had higher proportions of affluent and higher-educated people than those reported for the Manaus city population. In the fully adjusted and corrected model, risk factors for seroconversion before visit 2 were having a COVID-19 case in the household (IRR 1·49 [95% CI 1·21–1·83]), not wearing a mask during contact with a person with COVID-19 (1·25 [1·09–1·45]), relaxation of physical distancing (1·31 [1·05–1·64]), and having flu-like symptoms (1·79 [1·23–2·59]) or a COVID-19 diagnosis (3·57 [2·27–5·63]) between the first and second visits, whereas working remotely was associated with lower incidence (0·74 [0·56–0·97]). Interpretation: An intense infection transmission period preceded the second wave of COVID-19 in Manaus. Several modifiable behaviours increased the risk of seroconversion, including non-compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions measures such as not wearing a mask during contact, relaxation of protective measures, and non-remote working. Increased testing in high-transmission areas is needed to provide timely information about ongoing transmission and aid appropriate implementation of transmission mitigation measures. Funding: Ministry of Education, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO.World Health OrganizationRevisión por pare

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Os primórdios da organização do espaço territorial e da vila cearense: algumas notas

This paper presents, in outline, the action taken by economic agents, representatives of the Church and the Portuguese State in organizing the space of the Captaincy of Ceará in the eighteenth century. The Portuguese State founded towns in strategic locations for better capitalization of the cattle breeder economy, where first settled sesmeiros and the Church. There was no reason or justification of geopolitical nature that demanded technical and financial investments by the Portuguese in the full adequacy of the local conditions to Portuguese urban guidelines. In the face of the late occupation, the article also discusses the late cartographic representation as expressing the lack of interests of the Portuguese administration in relation to a fuller understanding of the region

Educomunicação e suas áreas de intervenção: Novos paradigmas para o diálogo intercultural

oai:omp.abpeducom.org.br:publicationFormat/1O material aqui divulgado representa, em essência, a contribuição do VII Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação ao V Global MIL Week, da UNESCO, ocorrido na ECA/USP, entre 3 e 5 de novembro de 2016. Estamos diante de um conjunto de 104 papers executivos, com uma média de entre 7 e 10 páginas, cada um. Com este rico e abundante material, chegamos ao sétimo e-book publicado pela ABPEducom, em seus seis primeiros anos de existência. A especificidade desta obra é a de trazer as “Áreas de Intervenção” do campo da Educomunicação, colocando-as a serviço de uma meta essencial ao agir educomunicativo: o diálogo intercultural, trabalhado na linha do tema geral do evento internacional: Media and Information Literacy: New Paradigms for Intercultural Dialogue

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost