Stylized Facts of the Gross National Product of Argentina: 1875 - 1999

The stylized facts of macroeconomic time series can be presented by fitting structural time series models. Within this framework, we study the behaviour of the gross national product of Argentina in the long run and provide a method for modelling this behaviour, which in turn is equivalent to establishing the stylized facts associated with these time series. We analyse the annual data of the gross national product and the gross national product per capita of Argentina from 1875 to 1999. The study of these variables allows, among other things, to know the changes that have been taking place in the economy. The evolution of these variables in time tells us, roughly, if there was progress or not.Fil: Abril, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Estadísticas; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Maria Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Estadísticas; Argentin

De cómo funcionó el Ferrocarril Central Norte Argentino durante los años de 1920

Fil: Blanco, María Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.economicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Estadisticas; ArgentinaFil: Abril, María de Las Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentin

An analysis of the returns from the North Central Railway of Argentina for the period 1889-1920

Paso a paso los Ferrocarriles del Estado se convirtieron a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX en la empresa más importante de la Argentina, por su importancia política y económica de la red. En conjunto, la longitud de vías era mayor que la de cualquiera otra empresa ferroviaria argentina y alcanzaba para 1918 a 6.135 kilómetros en explotación. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el comportamiento económico de la línea del Ferrocarril Central Norte de la Argentina. Para ello se trabajará con las series anuales de kilómetros de vías, pasajeros transportados, cargas en toneladas transportadas y rendimiento del capital invertido en tanto por uno que lo denominamos retorno. A fin de eliminar la influencia de los kilómetros de vías en las series de pasajeros y cargas, se trabaja definitivamente con los pasajeros por kilómetro de vía y cargas en toneladas por kilómetro de vías. Para el análisis se usa los modelos de espacio de estado y los modelos de volatilidad estocástica. Se encuentra que la volatilidad es la dominante en sus explicaciones, lo que muestra que efectivamente no hubo una política empresarial en el manejo de los ferrocarriles del Estado. Muy por el contrario, todo se hacía con un fuerte sentido de fomento y estaba sujeto a las disponibilidades financieras junto con el crédito externo existente en cada momento de tiempo.By the very end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, the state funded railways slowly became the most important argentine enterprise mainly because of the political and economical importance of this network. Overall, we can say that the track length was higher than any other private railway company and by the end of 1918 was about 6135 kilometres long. Our goal is to analyze the economic performance of the Central Norte line of Argentina. In order to do so, we will use the annual series of track kilometres, carried passengers, transported loads and a measure of the capital invested. But we will take away the influence of the track length and obtain two new series, namely, transported loads by track kilometres and carried passengers by track kilometres. We will analyze all these series using state space models and stochastic volatility models. We will find that the volatility is the feature that dominates the behavior in everything we see. This fact corroborates that there was not and efficient entrepreneurial policy in the administration of this state line. On the contrary, everything was done with a strong sense of promotion and it was related to the financial availability of the time together with the external credit.Fil: Abril, María de Las Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.economicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Estadisticas; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina;Fil: Blanco, Maria Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.economicas; Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.economicas. Instituto de Estudios Socio-economicos

Los grupos gestores comunitarios: necesidad para promover la actividad física en los círculos de abuelos

The creation of grandparents\u27 circles in the community is important to foment the recreational and cultural physical activity. For that reason, it is needed of a group of community agents that captures, support and disclose the community activities that are carried out. The objective of the article is to socialize experiences on the creation of the Community management groups to promote the physical activity in the circles of grandparents, as well as the main results reached in the Popular Council. In the investigation the analytic-synthetic method, the triangulation of sources and the charts like mathematical procedure are used for the analysis of the results.La creación de círculos de abuelos en la comunidad es importante para fomentar la actividad física recreativa y cultural. Por ese motivo se necesita de un grupo de gestores comunitarios, que capte, apoye y divulgue las actividades comunitarias que se realizan. El objetivo del artículo es socializar experiencias sobre la creación de los grupos gestores comunitarios para promover la actividad física en los círculos de abuelos, así como los principales resultados alcanzados en el Consejo Popular. En la investigación se utilizan el método analítico-sintético, la triangulación de fuentes y las tablas como procedimiento matemático para el análisis de los resultados

Mme de Stäel’s Delphine, or a plea against the dominant norm

El comienzo del siglo XIX francés se encuentra marcado por la euforia derivada del triunfo de la revolución. No obstante, los acontecimientos históricos pronto mostrarían que lo alcanzado en cuanto a libertades fue, en realidad, un fracaso que desencantó a la sociedad. En la literatura, a su vez, se produce el paso de la Ilustración al Romanticismo, donde la razón queda subordinada a los sentimientos. En este contexto encontramos a Madame de Stäel, una figura de gran importancia literaria y política, cuyas obras ponen de relieve las inquietudes de la mujer aristocrática del siglo XIX. En este trabajo pretendemos realizar un estudio de los principales elementos feministas de su novela epistolar Delphine (1802), así como de algunos aspectos destacados de la traducción al español realizada por Juan Ángel Caamaño.The early nineteenth century in France is characterized by the euphoria derived from the revolution. Nevertheless, the historical events soon showed that the freedom reached was just a social failure. The literary context witnesses the transition from the Enlightenment to Romanticism, where sentiments flourish to the detriment of the reason. Mme de Stäel, a relevant literary and political figure, highlighted in her works the worries of the nineteenth century aristocrat women. This paper aims to study the main feminist features of her epistolary novel, Delphine (1802), together with some relevant reflections from the translation into Spanish carried out by Juan Ángel Caamañ

Un analisis de los retornos del ferrocarril central norte de la Argentina para el periodo 1889-1920

Paso a paso los Ferrocarriles del Estado se convirtieron a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX en la empresa más importante de la Argentina, por su importancia política y económica de la red. En conjunto, la longitud de vías era mayor que la de cualquiera otra empresa ferroviaria argentina y alcanzaba para 1918 a 6.135 kilómetros en explotación. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el comportamiento económico de la línea del Ferrocarril Central Norte de la Argentina. Para ello se trabajará con las series anuales de kilómetros de vías, pasajeros transportados, cargas en toneladas transportadas y rendimiento del capital invertido en tanto por uno que lo denominamos retorno. A fin de eliminar la influencia de los kilómetros de vías en las series de pasajeros y cargas, se trabaja definitivamente con los pasajeros por kilómetro de vía y cargas en toneladas por kilómetro de vías. Para el análisis se usa los modelos de espacio de estado y los modelos de volatilidad estocástica. Se encuentra que la volatilidad es la dominante en sus explicaciones, lo que muestra que efectivamente no hubo una política empresarial en el manejo de los ferrocarriles del Estado. Muy por el contrario, todo se hacía con un fuerte sentido de fomento y estaba sujeto a las disponibilidades financieras junto con el crédito externo existente en cada momento de tiempo

Smed454 dataset: unravelling the transcriptome of Schmidtea mediterranea

Background: Freshwater planarians are an attractive model for regeneration and stem cell research and have become a promising tool in the field of regenerative medicine. With the availability of a sequenced planarian genome, the recent application of modern genetic and high-throughput tools has resulted in revitalized interest in these animals, long known for their amazing regenerative capabilities, which enable them to regrow even a new head after decapitation. However, a detailed description of the planarian transcriptome is essential for future investigation into regenerative processes using planarians as a model system. Results: In order to complement and improve existing gene annotations, we used a 454 pyrosequencing approach to analyze the transcriptome of the planarian species Schmidtea mediterranea Altogether, 598,435 454-sequencing reads, with an average length of 327 bp, were assembled together with the ~10,000 sequences of the S. mediterranea UniGene set using different similarity cutoffs. The assembly was then mapped onto the current genome data. Remarkably, our Smed454 dataset contains more than 3 million novel transcribed nucleotides sequenced for the first time. A descriptive analysis of planarian splice sites was conducted on those Smed454 contigs that mapped univocally to the current genome assembly. Sequence analysis allowed us to identify genes encoding putative proteins with defined structural properties, such as transmembrane domains. Moreover, we annotated the Smed454 dataset using Gene Ontology, and identified putative homologues of several gene families that may play a key role during regeneration, such as neurotransmitter and hormone receptors, homeobox-containing genes, and genes related to eye function. Conclusions: We report the first planarian transcript dataset, Smed454, as an open resource tool that can be accessed via a web interface. Smed454 contains significant novel sequence information about most expressed genes of S. mediterranea. Analysis of the annotated data promises to contribute to identification of gene families poorly characterized at a functional level. The Smed454 transcriptome data will assist in the molecular characterization of S. mediterranea as a model organism, which will be useful to a broad scientific community

Sap flow, leaf-level gas exchange and spectral responses to drought in Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis

In a climate change scenario, Mediterranean forest species such as pines may be endangered by rising temperatures and reduced precipitation, thus calling for studies on the transpiration and water balance in pines. In this paper, the response of young plants of Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus halepensis Mill. to different irrigation treatments has been studied. Significant differences were found in water potential, sap flow, leaf-level gas exchange and spectral variables. P. sylvestris had higher pre-dawn and midday water potentials, sap flow rates and leaf-level gas exchange rates compared to the other two species in well-watered conditions. Vapor pressure gradient correlated with stomatal conductance, net assimilation and transpiration, but the association between stomatal conductance and sap flow was weak. The environmental variables more strongly associated with sap flow were solar radiation and reference evapo-transpiration, especially in the well-watered plants, but those associations were weaker in the stressed plants. All three pine species showed the isohydric, drought-avoiding strategy common in the genus Pinus, maintaining relatively high water potentials in dry conditions. Nevertheless, P. halepensis showed a water-saving strategy, with a stomatal closure behavior under drought. Stomatal regulation was less strict in P. sylvestris, closer to a water-spending pattern, while P. pinea showed an intermediate behavior. Significant differences were recorded among species in spectral reflectance in the visible and infra-red regions. Photochemical Reflectance Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and combinations of other ratios permitted the discrimination among the three pine species. These spectral variables showed association with sap flow rate, water potential and leaflevel gas exchange variables. Both cluster analysis and k-means classification discriminated Scots pine and Aleppo pine in two different groups. On the other hand, Stone pine showed differences in spectral behavior depending on the hydric status of the plants. Well-watered Stone pine plants had the same spectral behavior as Scots pine, while the plants subjected to drought stress were closer to Aleppo pine plants in spectral response. These findings may help to quantify the impacts of early and mid-summer water deficit on Mediterranean pines in future climate regimes

Morfología y citogenética de <i>Blatticola</i> (Oxyurida, thelastomatidae) parasitando grillos (Orthoptera, gryllidae) en provincia de Buenos Aires

El estudio de nemátodos parásitos de grillos (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), insecto plaga del suelo, reveló la presencia del género Blatticola (Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae). Este insecto ocasiona graves daños formando galerías subterráneas, destrozando raíces, bulbos, y el césped. Las ninfas y los adultos del grillo Anurogryllus muticus fueron hallados utilizando soluciones tensoactivas y a mano alzada en 3 zonas de la ciudad de La Plata. Se disecaron en el laboratorio bajo microscopio estereoscópico. El objetivo del trabajo es no sólo revelar la diversidad de nemátodos parásitos de esta plaga del suelo sino dar a conocer la citogenética de este grupo de nemátodos de insectos poco estudiado. Los nemátodos encontrados se fijaron en solución T.A.F.Facultad de Ciencias VeterinariasCentro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de VectoresComisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aire

Proposal of new Natura 2000 network boundaries in Spain based on the value of importance for biodiversity and connectivity analysis for its improvement

The aim of the Natura 2000 Network is to ensure the conservation of habitats and species in their natural areas of distribution. Connectivity is an essential part of this conservation. For this purpose, a value map of importance for biodiversity (V.I.B) was generated proposing 4 levels of protection and overlapped with the Natura 2000 network. New boundaries for the zoning are proposed adding 1.600.000 ha. Two connectivity indices (MSPA and PC) are calculated in the 4 different scenarios. With these indices it is possible to know the number of existing nuclei and connectors in each of the scenarios. New boundaries cover more areas of interest for biodiversity as well as zones of great importance in relation to connectivity. We propose a uniform method that can be extrapolated to any European territor