Political artefacts, aesthetics and heritage: the Valley of the Fallen

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Heritage Studies on 2020, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13527258.2019.1620834.[EN] When considering the values which define heritage, aesthetic value is usually one of the most important, nearly always linked to the idea of work of art and to concepts such as beauty or harmony. Furthermore, aesthetics and politics tend to be dealt with separately. However, the link between aesthetics and politics is key in order to manage the meaning of those artefacts made with the intention of altering the political environment (political artefacts), particularly when they could be (or when they have already become) heritage. This paper puts forward the idea that in order to fully comprehend the social effects of political artefacts, their relationship with aesthetics must be understood. The function of aesthetics in modifying the meanings and connotations of heritage, when the latter is considered to be negative from a socio-political point of view, is also examined. In order to exemplify this relationship between aesthetics and politics, the resignification of the Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caidos), the most iconic and important Francoist memorial in Spain, is discussed.Barros García, JM. (2020). Political artefacts, aesthetics and heritage: the Valley of the Fallen. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 26(3):253-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1620834S253266263Alexander, J. C. (2010). Iconic Consciousness: The Material Feeling of Meaning. Thesis Eleven, 103(1), 10-25. doi:10.1177/0725513610381369Ben-Ghiat, R. 2017. “Why are so Many Fascist Monuments Still Standing in Italy?” The New Yorker, October 5. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/why-are-so-many-fascist-monuments-still-standing-in-italyBOE (Boletín Oficial del Estado). 2007. “Ley 52/2007, de 26 de diciembre, por la que se reconocen y amplían derechos y se establecen medidas en favor de quienes padecieron persecución o violencia durante la guerra civil y la dictadura.” https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-22296.BOE (Boletín Oficial del Estado). 2018. “Real Decreto-ley 10/2018, de 24 de agosto, por el que se modifica la Ley 52/2007, de 26 de diciembre.” https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2018-11836Crouch, D. (2015). Affect, Heritage, Feeling. The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research, 177-190. doi:10.1057/9781137293565_11Crumbaugh, J. (2011). AFTERLIFE AND BARE LIFE: THE VALLEY OF THE FALLEN AS A PARADIGM OF GOVERNMENT. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 12(4), 419-438. doi:10.1080/14636204.2011.691670De la Fuente, E. (2013). Why Aesthetic Patterns Matter: Art and a «Qualitative» Social Theory. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 44(2), 168-185. doi:10.1111/jtsb.12036DeNora, T. (2000). Music in Everyday Life. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489433Falasca-Zamponi, S. (1997). Fascist Spectacle. doi:10.1525/9780520926158Ferrándiz, F. (1970). Guerras sin fin: guía para descifrar el Valle de los Caídos en la España contemporánea. Política y Sociedad, 48(3). doi:10.5209/rev_poso.2011.v48.n3.36425Freedberg, D. (1989). The Power of Images. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226259031.001.0001Fuentes Vega, A. (2017). The politics of memory, tourism and dictatorship: revisiting Franco’s Valley of the Fallen. Journal of Tourism History, 9(1), 70-91. doi:10.1080/1755182x.2017.1348545Haldrup, M., & Bœrenholdt, J. O. (2015). Heritage as Performance. The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research, 52-68. doi:10.1057/9781137293565_4Hite, K. (2008). The Valley of the Fallen: Tales from the Crypt. Forum for Modern Language Studies, 44(2), 110-127. doi:10.1093/fmls/cqn001Jay, M. (1992). «The Aesthetic Ideology» as Ideology; Or, What Does It Mean to Aestheticize Politics? Cultural Critique, (21), 41. doi:10.2307/1354116Joerges, B. (1999). Do Politics Have Artefacts? Social Studies of Science, 29(3), 411-431. doi:10.1177/030631299029003004Larkin, B. (2013). The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure. Annual Review of Anthropology, 42(1), 327-343. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155522Layton, R. (2003). Art and Agency: A Reassessment. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 9(3), 447-464. doi:10.1111/1467-9655.00158Macdonald, S. (2006). Undesirable Heritage: Fascist Material Culture and Historical Consciousness in Nuremberg. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12(1), 9-28. doi:10.1080/13527250500384464Macdonald, S. (2006). Words in Stone? Journal of Material Culture, 11(1-2), 105-126. doi:10.1177/1359183506063015Mitchell, W. J. T. (2005). What Do Pictures Want? doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226245904.001.0001Morphy, H. (2009). Art as a Mode of Action. Journal of Material Culture, 14(1), 5-27. doi:10.1177/1359183508100006Nelson, B. J. (2010). The Persistence of Presence. doi:10.3138/9781442660298Riaño, P. H. 2019a. “Las Visitas al Valle de los Caídos Subieron un 33,5% el Año Pasado Respecto a 2017.” El País, January 3. https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/01/03/actualidad/1546533314_068761.htmlRiaño, P. H. 2019b. “El Valle de los Caídos, en el Limbo Jurídico.” El País, February 18. https://elpais.com/politica/2019/02/17/actualidad/1550416399_148038.htmlSchabert, T. (1989). Boston Politics. doi:10.1515/9783110847062Sferrazza Papa, E. C. (2018). What is a wall? 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CLEANING AREAS: THE LOCATION OF TESTS IN THE CLEANING OF PAINTINGS

Cleaning tests are usually carried out in order to study the solubility of the non-original layers. They also supply part of the information necessary in order to understand the configuration of the deposits, to select the layers which will be removed and to design the most adequate cleaning systems. Study of these tests has been chiefly based on protocols which allow decisions to be made concerning which chemical agents should be used in a given cleaning operation. The aim of this research has been to develop a system to improve the design and, particularly, the location of cleaning tests. In order to do so, cleaning area has been defined, a concept which allows the surface of painting to be divided into areas which do not show a regional variability. This division enables the location of cleaning tests to be organized in a structured and efficient manner.Barros García, JM. (2014). CLEANING AREAS: THE LOCATION OF TESTS IN THE CLEANING OF PAINTINGS. International Journal of Conservation Science. 5(3):283-294. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/56623S2832945

Microarrays de DNA en el cáncer oral

Uno de los principales objetivos en la investigación sobre el cáncer en la actualidad es el estudio de marcadores que puedan predecir el pronóstico o la respuesta al tratamiento de forma individual. El número de genes implicados en los distintos pasos de la carcinogénesis oral aumenta a medida que se investiga sobre el tema. Los microarrays de DNA permiten el análisis simultáneo de la expresión de cientos de genes de un tejido en un solo experimento. El formato paralelo del ensayo permite el estudio de diferencias en la expresión genética entre células normales y enfermas, puesto que la actividad de cada gen en el microarray puede ser comparada en dos poblaciones celulares distintas. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una breve revisión de los estudios realizados por diversos autores que han intentado identificar genes relacionados con el cáncer oral, así como clasificarlo en subgrupos según los patrones de expresión genética; lo que permitirá una precoz detección, mejor diagnóstico y pronóstico del cáncer oral.One of the principal aims of modern cancer research is to identify markers allowing individual prediction of prognosis or response to treatment. In this connection, the number of genes thought to be involved in the different stages of different types of oral cancer increases apace. DNA microarrays allow simultaneous evaluation of the expression of hundreds of genes in a single assay. The parallel format of microassay slides is designed to allow rapid comparison of gene expression between two samples, for example tumor cells and healthy cells. This article reviews studies that have aimed to identify genes related to oral cancer, and to classify these genes into groups that are commonly co-expressed. These studies suggest that DNA microarrays are set to become routine tools in the detection, diagnosis, characterization and treatment of oral cancers

Documentar las pruebas de limpieza: uso de bases de datos

Las pruebas de limpieza son clave en el diseño del sistema de limpieza en cualquier obra. Este artículo recoge diferentes propuestas acerca del diseño de bases de datos para la documentación de este tipo de pruebas. Se comparan dos aplicaciones informáticas que permiten documentar las pruebas: Modular Cleaning Program y Stratify. Sin embargo, estas aplicaciones presentan importantes limitaciones, por lo que se aporta una nueva propuesta de base de datos que permite almacenar una mayor variedad de datos y relacionar la información obtenida de las pruebas con la obtenida de otras fuentes, en especial con la estratigráfica.Guillén Juan, CM.; Barros García, JM. (2011). Documentar las pruebas de limpieza: uso de bases de datos. Arché. (6):157-162. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/33289157162

Uso de ácido cítrico e EDTA na limpeza de estructuras pictóricas

[ES] El ácido cítrico y el EDTA son dos agentes quelantes que se están convirtiendo en herramientas indispensables en la limpieza de estructuras pictóricas. Sin duda, permiten solucionar problemas muy complejos aunque también plantean dudas acerca de los posibles efectos negativos en la pintura original. En comparación con los disolventes orgánicos, existe todavía poca información acerca de qué protocolos se pueden seguir para diseñar sistemas de limpieza con los agentes quelantes.[EN] Citric Acid and EDTA are two chemical agents which are becoming indispensable tools in the cleaning of pictorial structures. Undoubtedly, they allow professionals to solve very complex problems while raising doubts as to the possible negative effects on the original painting. In comparison with organic solvents, there still exists little information about the protocols to be followed in designing cleaning systems with chelating agents.[PT] O ácido cítrico e o EDTA são dois agentes químicos que paulatinamente se convertem em ferramentas indispensáveis na limpeza de estructuras pictóricas. Indubitavelmente, permitem resolver problemas complexos de limpeza, se bem que deixam dúvidas sobre possíveis efeitos negativos na pintura original. Em comparação com os solventes orgânicos, existe ainda pouca informação sobre que protocolos se poderão ter em conta para elaborar sistemas de limpeza com agentes quelantes.Barros García, JM.; Llano Torre, S.; Rodríguez Serrano, M. (2011). Utilización de ácido cítrico y EDTA en la limpieza de estructuras pictóricas. Estudos de Conservação e Restauro. 3(3):32-45. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/30036S32453

The role of p21Waf 1/CIP1 as a Cip/Kip type cell-cycle regulator in oral squamous cell carcinoma: review

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is biologically characterized by the accumulation of multiple genetic and molecular alterations that end up clinically characterized as a malignant neoplasm through a phenomenon known as multistep. The members of the Cip/Kip family, specifically p21 Waf 1/CIP1 , are responsible for cell cycle control, blocking the transition from phase G1 to phase S. We made a search of articles of peer-reviewed Journals in PubMed/ Medline, crossing the keywords. The goal of this paper is to determine the relationship between p21 Waf 1/ CIP1 expression and several clinical and pathological aspects of OSCC, their relationship with p53 and HPV, as well as genetic alterations in their expression pattern, their use as a prognosis market in the evolution of precancer - ous lesions and their roles in anticancer treatments. The results of p21 WA F1/C I P1 expression in OSCC showed mixed results in terms of positivity/negativity throughout different studies. It seems that, although p21 Waf 1/CIP1 expression is controlled in a p53-dependent manner, coexpression of both in OSCC is not intrinsically related. Although the presence of HPV viral oncoproteins increases p21 Waf 1/CIP1 levels, the small number of studies, have forced us to disregard the hypothesis that HPV infected lesions that present better prognosis are due to a p21 Waf 1/CIP1 -dependent control. The role of p21 WA F1/C I P1 as cell-cycle regulator has been well described; however, its relationship to OSCC, the clinical and pathological variables of tumors, HPV and different treatments are not entirely clear. Thus, it would be very interesting to pursue further study of this protein, which may have a significant value for the diagnosis, prog nosis and therapy of this type of tumors

Impact of cyberbullying in adolescents from 11 to 17 in Portugal

En este artículo se presenta una investigación nacional llevada a cabo en el contexto de Portugal y que ha tenido por objetivo analizar la incidencia del cyberbullying en adolescentes portugueses de entre 11 y 17 años. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cuantitativo empleando un cuestionario ad hoc como instrumento de recogida de información. La muestra ha estado compuesta por 739 estudiantes de 15 distritos del país. Los resultados señalan que un 19,5% de la muestra ha sido víctima de cyberbullying, el cual se ha manifestado principalmente mediante insultos y amenazas a través de Internet, teléfono e email, así como por la distribución de fotografías de contenido sexual sin consentimiento de las víctimas.In this article we present a national research carried out in the context of Portugal. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of cyberbullying in Portuguese adolescents between 11 and 17 years old. For this, a quantitative study has been carried out using an ad hoc questionnaire as an information collection tool. The sample was composed of 739 students from 15 districts of the country. The results indicate that 19.5% of the sample has been a victim of cyberbullying. The aggression has been manifested mainly through insults and threats through the Internet, telephone and email, as well as by the distribution of sexual photographs without the victims’ permission

La dimensión del patrimonio cultural a través de Flipped Classroom

[EN] The implementation of flipped classroom in the subject Dimensions of the Cultural Heritage and its intervention, has allowed to transfer certain avoidable processes (theory and evaluation), outside the classes, reserving the classroom time to consolidate and put into practice the acquired knowledge. Favored in this way, discover in the student a defined, critical and creative position in front of the importance of the social construction of heritage and its sustainable intervention, which should enrich, question and rethink throughout their training and professional career.[ES] La implementación de flipped classroom en la materia Dimensiones del Patrimonio Cultural y su intervención, ha permitido transferir determinados procesos evitables (teoría y evaluación), fuera de las clases, reservando el tiempo presencial para consolidar y poner en práctica los conocimientos adquiridos. Favoreciendo de este modo, el descubrir en el alumno una postura definida, crítica y creativa frente a la importancia de la construcción social del patrimonio y su intervención sostenible, que deberá enriquecer, cuestionar y replantear a lo largo de su formación y carrera profesional.Santamarina Campos, V.; Carabal Montagud, MA.; Barros García, JM.; Colomina Subiela, A. (2019). La dimensión del patrimonio cultural a través de Flipped Classroom. En IN-RES 2019. V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 477-487. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2019.2019.10425OCS47748

Management of the Palaeozoic Palaeontological Heritage Associated With Metamorphic Bedrocks: Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark (Spain)

The Spanish Courel Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark has strong educational and touristic resources despite limited preservation of Paleozoic invertebrate fossil assemblages within metamorphic rocks. The paleontological sites are managed by means of their inventory and integration in a Geographical Information System, the construction of virtual 3D fossil models, the creation of a fossil collection exhibition, the transport of large boulders with fossils to places such as tourist offices, and hiking trails to see ichnofossils. To enable geoconservation, the Palaeozoic paleontological sites are neither promoted nor frequently visited. Fossils found in the Geopark by paleontologists and fortuitously by local people or hikers are deposited and safeguarded in the Geological Museum and are available for eventual exhibition and paleontological studies

A GIS-supported Multidisciplinary Database for the Management of UNESCO Global Geoparks: the Courel Mountains Geopark (Spain)

[Abstract] The management of a UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) requires a vast wealth of miscellaneous scientific knowledge that can be successfully organised using a Geographical Information System (GIS). This paper presents a pragmatic GIS database to assist in the suitable governance of the Courel Mountains UGGp (2017) in Northwest Spain. The database is structured in 66 coverages compiled from public sources and previous works or produced through traditional mapping (combining fieldwork and photointerpretation) and GIS tools. The acquired data was later homogenised and validated by a multidisciplinary team and archived in independent coverages. Forty thematic maps illustrate the broad range of cartographic information included in the GIS database. Among them, 25 basic maps provide an overview of the UGGp and 15 new maps focus on crosscutting and technical issues. All maps illustrate the huge potential of GIS to create new resources combining coverages and adapting the legend according to their purpose and audience. The database facilitates the suitable publishing of consistent outputs (e.g., brochures, books, panels, webpages, web serves), as well as the elaboration of technical data to assist the park management. The database furnishes information on the design of education actions, touristic routes, activities and Geopark facilities. The GIS database is also a supportive tool for scientific research and provides the necessary knowledge to conduct geoconservation actions based on land use, geological hazards and the occurrence of natural and cultural heritages. Altogether, the GIS database constitutes a powerful instrument for policy-making, facilitating the identification and evaluation of alternative strategy plans.This work was developed in the framework of the Scientific Program of the Courel Mountains UGGp with the cooperation of tourism agents (A.M. Arza and A. López), roofing slate quarries (Pizarras de Villarbacú, Pizarras de Quiroga) and local people (M. Reinosa, G. Díaz, O. Álvarez). We are deeply grateful to J.R. Martínez Catalán (Universidad de Salamanca), A. Pérez-Alberti and J. Guitián (both from Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), J.R. Gutiérrez-Marco (ICOG, Universidad Complutense de Madrid/CSIC), J. Vegas (IGME-CSIC), L. González-Menéndez (IGME-CSIC), J.M. García Queijeiro (Universidade de Vigo), L. Santos and A. Grandal-D’Anglade (both from Universidade da Coruña) for their assistance supplying information involved in the database. We thank also E. de Boer for proofreading the article. DB is grant holder of Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación 2021, funded by Junta de Andalucí