A influência dos direitos de propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas

A presente pesquisa tem por objeto o estudo da influência dos direitos de propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. O sistema de patentes protege as inovações, que consequentemente, promovem o desenvolvimento econômico. Há um arcabouço legislativo moderno regulando a matéria, que incentiva parcerias entre os setores público, privado e as instituições científicas, mas que sozinho, não é suficiente para fazer com que o País mude de patamar. O Brasil enfrenta um importante desafio no sentido de estabelecer políticas públicas que sensibilizem positivamente essa equação

Hélice Tríplice: A interação entre Universidade, Empresa e Estado para Gerar Inovação.

Brazil faces an important challenge to become a competitive and an innovative country in the international market. This paper aim to understand how the triple helix of innovation can help Brazil to achieve this goal. There’s a modern legislation regarding this issue, that promotes partnerships between the public sector, the private sector and the government, but there is still a long path to advance, and industrial public policies can be a good strategy to solve this equation.O Brasil enfrenta o importante desafio de tornar-se um país mais inovador e competitivo no mercado internacional. A hélice tríplice de inovação, qual seja, a interação entre universidade, empresa e setor público é fundamental para que o País caminhe nessa direção. O presente artigo apresenta um caso de sucesso que traduz esse esforço, bem como incentiva o estabelecimento de políticas industriais que sensibilizem positivamente essa equação

A patente de segundo uso médico e o seu tratamento no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

O sistema de propriedade intelectual tem grande importância para o desenvolvimento tecnológico de um país. A concessão de patentes de medicamentos gera controvérsias, uma vez que está centrada no dilema entre proteção e acesso. Proteção aos inventores, que merecem ter o seu esforço e investimento reconhecidos, e acesso aos medicamentos pelas populações, a preços acessíveis, de modo a não trazer prejuízos à saúde pública. A possibilidade jurídica da concessão de patentes de segundo uso médico é ainda mais polêmica, uma vez que envolve a análise e compatibilidade da legislação nacional com os acordos firmados internacionalmente, especialmente no âmbito do Acordo TRIPS. Há um movimento no sentido de flexibilização dos requisitos legais de patenteabilidade, embora haja um espaço de liberdade para que os conceitos e a amplitude dos referidos requisitos sejam estabelecidos localmente. No Brasil, verifica-se uma omissão legislativa em relação à possibilidade jurídica da concessão de patentes de segundo uso médico, bem como observa-se uma política pública contraditória, que gera insegurança jurídica. Em sua estrutura, o trabalho divide-se em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo analisa a compatibilidade da patente de segundo uso médico com o conceito e a função do direito de patentes. O segundo capítulo aborda a compatibilidade da patente de invenção de segundo uso médico com os requisitos legais de patenteabilidade. O terceiro e último capítulo, analisa as divergências quanto à concessão da patente de segundo uso médico, tanto no âmbito internacional, quanto no âmbito interno. O presente trabalho oferece contribuição a essa discussão e enfatiza a tarefa imperativa de definição jurídica dessa omissão legislativa

Clinically low‐risk prostate cancer: evaluation with transrectal doppler ultrasound and functional magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate transrectal ultrasound, amplitude Doppler ultrasound, conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, spectroscopy and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in localizing and locally staging low-risk prostate cancer. INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer has been diagnosed at earlier stages and the most accepted classification for low-risk prostate cancer is based on clinical stage T1c or T2a, Gleason score <6, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <10 ng/ml. METHODS: From 2005 to 2006, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 42 patients, and transrectal ultrasound in 26 of these patients. Seven patients were excluded from the study. Mean patient age was 64.94 years and mean serum PSA was 6.05 ng/ml. The examinations were analyzed for tumor identification and location in prostate sextants, detection of extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion, using surgical pathology findings as the gold standard. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (45.7%) had pathologically proven organ-confined disease, 11 (31.4%) had positive surgical margin, 8 (28.9%) had extracapsular extension, and 3 (8.6%) presented with extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy values for localizing low-risk prostate cancer were 53.1%, 48.3%, 63.4%, 37.8% and 51.3% for transrectal ultrasound; 70.4%, 36.2%, 65.1%, 42.0% and 57.7% for amplitude Doppler ultrasound; 71.5%, 58.9%, 76.6%, 52.4% and 67.1% for magnetic resonance imaging; 70.4%, 58.7%, 78.4%, 48.2% and 66.7% for magnetic resonance spectroscopy; 67.2%, 65.7%, 79.3%, 50.6% and 66.7% for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy values for detecting extracapsular extension were 33.3%, 92%, 14.3%, 97.2% and 89.7% for transrectal ultrasound and 50.0%, 77.6%, 13.7%, 95.6% and 75.7% for magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. For detecting seminal vesicle invasion, these values were 66.7%, 85.7%, 22.2%, 97.7% and 84.6% for transrectal ultrasound and 40.0%, 83.1%, 15.4%, 94.7% and 80.0% for magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Although preliminary, our results suggest that imaging modalities have limited usefulness in localizing and locally staging clinically low-risk prostate cancer

RENDIMIENTO MOTOR Y SALUD DE LOS PARTICIPANTES DEL PROGRAMA DE DEPORTE Y RECREACIÓN EN LA CIUDAD (PELC)

A Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi (FACISA), Unidade Acadêmica Especializada da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), foi convidada para participar de uma ação extensionista em saúde em parceria com os idealizadores do Projeto Esporte e Lazer na Cidade (PELC), implantado em Santa Cruz (RN), pelo Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), com a proposta de viabilizar o lazer em toda a comunidade, criando núcleos para crianças, adolescentes e adultos. O objetivo de ação foi avaliar o desempenho neuromotor, a tolerância aos esforços submáximos, equilíbrio antecipatório e antropometria dos participantes adultos do PELC, a fim de estimular a adoção de um estilo de vida saudável e oferecer um maior conhecimento acerca de suas condições de saúde. A amostra foi composta por 18 participantes do PELC, sendo que todos eram do gênero feminino, idade acima de 60 anos e avaliação cardiológica favorável para a prática de atividade física. Foram avaliados força de membros inferiores (teste sentar e levantar) e flexibilidade de membros inferiores (teste de sentar e alcançar); índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura/quadril (avaliação antropométrica); avaliação da tolerância aos esforços submáximos (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos – TC6); equilíbrio antecipatório (teste de alcance funcional); e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (esfigmomanometria indireta). Ao final da coleta destes dados, as participantes receberam informações sobre o resultado da avaliação e orientações em saúde. Observou-se que as mulheres estudadas na presente ação de extensão apresentaram várias características marcantes do envelhecimento, tais como: tolerância aos esforços submáximos abaixo do esperado (n=13); obesidade (n=8), elevada deposição de gordura abdominal (n=17); hipertensão arterial (n=12); e risco moderado para quedas (n=9). Houve correlação negativa, estatisticamente significativa, entre as seguintes variáveis: idade x flexibilidade (r=-0.59, p=0.01); idade x teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (r=-0.61, p=0.007); e pressão arterial sistólica e equilíbrio (r=- 0,47, p=0,05). Foi encontrada uma significante correlação positiva entre PAS e relação cintura/quadril (r=0.49, p=0.04); e flexibilidade e TC6 (r=0.51, p=0.03). Esta ação extensionista permitiu o maior conhecimento acerca da saúde das participantes do PELC.The Health Sciences College at Trairi (FACISA), Specialized Unit of Rio Grande do Norte Federal University (UFRN), was invited to take part at a health extension action iwith the idealizers of the Sport and Leisure in City Program (PELC in Portuguese), implanted in Santa Cruz/RN by the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande of Norte State (IFRN). The proposal was to make leisure possible all over the community, creating centers for children, adolescents and adults. The objective was to evaluate the neuromotor performance, the tolerance to the submaximum efforts, anticipatory balance, and anthropometry of PSLC adult participants, in order to stimulate a healthy life style, and to offer a greater knowledge about their health condition. The sample was composed by 18 PELC participants, all of them female, more than 60 years old and favorable cardiologic evaluation for the practice of physical activity. The strength of lower limbs ( seating and to standing test) and flexibility of lower limbs (seating and reaching test) were evaluated; body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (anthropometric measures); evaluation of the tolerance to the submaximum efforts (6 minutes walking test - TC6); antecipatory balance (test of functional reach); and blood pressure (indirect method). It was observed that the women studied in this research presented significant aging characteristics, such as: tolerance to the submaximum efforts lower than expected (n=13); obesity (n=8); elevated deposition of abdominal fat (n=17); hypertension (n=12); moderate risk for falls (n=9). Thre was negative statistical significant correlation between the following variables: age x flexibility (r=-0.59, p=0.01); age x TC6 (r=-0.61, p=0.007); and sistolic blood pressure X anticipatory balance (r=0,47, p=0,05). A significant positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and relation C/Q (r=0.49, p=0.04), and flexibility and TC6 (r=0.51, p=0.03) was found. This extension action allowed greater knowledge about the health of PELC participants.La Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud del Trairi (FACISA), Unidad Especializada de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), fue invitada a participar en una acción de extensión de salud de los trabajadores, idealizado por los creadores del Proyecto de Deporte y Lazer de la Ciudad (PELC), que se llevó a cabo poe el Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) con la propuesta de permitir el ocio en toda la comunidad, la creación de núcleos para los niños, adolescentes y adultos. El objetivo de la acción fue evaluar el desempeño neuromotor, la tolerancia al esfuerzo submáximo, el equilibrio anticipatorio y la antropometría de los participantes adultos del PELC, con el fin de estimular la adopción de un estilo de vida saludable y proporcionar un mayor conocimiento acerca de su salud. La muestra estuvo compuesta por participantes de PELC, todos los cuales eran mujeres, mayores de 60 años y de evaluación cardiaca favorable para la actividad física. Se evaluó la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores (prueba de sentado y de pie) y una menor flexibilidad de las extremidades (sentarse y llegar a la prueba), índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación cintura/cadera (medidas antropométricas), la evaluación de la tolerancia al esfuerzo submáximo (prueba de caminata de 6 minutos), el equilibrio de anticipación (prueba de alcance funcional), y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (esfigmomanometría indirectos). Al final de esta recogida de datos, los participantes recibieron información de la evaluación y orientación de la salud. Se observó que las mujeres estudiadas en esta acción de extensión tenían varias características sorprendentes del envejecimiento, tales como: la tolerancia a los esfuerzos submáximos menor de lo esperado (n = 13), obesidad (n = 8), la alta acumulación de grasa abdominal (n = 17), hipertensión (n = 12) y un riesgo moderado de caídas (n = 9). Correlación negativa estadísticamente significativa entre las siguientes variables: edad x flexibilidad (r =- 0.59, p = 0,01), edad x prueba de caminada de 6 minutos (r =- 0.61, p = 0,007) y presión arterial sistólica (PAS) X equilibrio de anticipación (r=-0,47, p=0,05). Se observó una correlación positiva significativa entre PAS y relación C/Q (r = 0,49, p = 0,04) y la flexibilidad y la prueba de caminada de 6 minutos (r = 0,51, p = 0,03). Esta acción de extensión permitió el mayor conocimiento de la salud de los participantes del PELC

MOTOR PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE PROGRAM SPORT AND LEISURE IN CITY (PSLC)

The Health Sciences College at Trairi (FACISA), Specialized Unit of Rio Grande do Norte Federal University (UFRN), was invited to take part at a health extension action iwith the idealizers of the Sport and Leisure in City Program (PELC in Portuguese), implanted in Santa Cruz/RN by the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of  Rio Grande of Norte State (IFRN). The proposal was to make leisure possible all over the community, creating centers for children, adolescents and adults. The objective was to evaluate the neuromotor performance, the tolerance to the submaximum efforts, anticipatory balance, and anthropometry of PSLC adult participants, in order to stimulate a healthy life style, and to offer a greater knowledge about their health condition. The sample was composed by 18 PELC participants, all of them female, more than 60 years old and favorable cardiologic evaluation for the practice of physical activity. The strength of lower limbs ( seating and to standing test) and flexibility of lower limbs (seating and reaching test) were evaluated; body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (anthropometric measures); evaluation of the tolerance to the submaximum efforts (6 minutes walking test - TC6); antecipatory balance (test of functional reach); and blood pressure (indirect method). It was observed that the women studied in this research presented significant aging characteristics, such as: tolerance to the submaximum efforts lower than expected (n=13); obesity (n=8); elevated deposition of abdominal fat (n=17); hypertension (n=12); moderate risk for falls (n=9). Thre was negative statistical significant correlation between the following variables: age x flexibility (r=-0.59, p=0.01); age x TC6 (r=-0.61, p=0.007); and sistolic blood pressure X anticipatory balance (r=0,47, p=0,05). A significant positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and relation C/Q (r=0.49, p=0.04), and flexibility and TC6 (r=0.51, p=0.03) was found. This extension action allowed greater knowledge about the health of PELC participants

Vegan Diet Advice Might Benefit Liver Enzymes in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: an Open Observational Pilot Study.

Background and Aims: The Western diet is rich in saturated fats, refined sugars and meat consistent with a high-energy load and secondary risk of increased metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, no data are available on potential benefit of vegan diets in NAFLD and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We aimed to study prospectively the effect of a vegan diet, excluding all animal products on liver chemistry in a group of consecutive NAFLD patients. Methods: This was a prospective, pilot study run on 40 consecutive patients affected by NAFLD. Eight subjects refused to join the study for poor diet palatability, leaving 32 patients (19 males, mean age 50 years), with abnormal measures of liver function who agreed to adhere to a vegan diet for six months. The caloric intake was tailored by the dietitian to obtain a weight loss ≥5% of body weight in overweight patients [body-mass index (BMI) ≥25] and ranged from 1500 Kcal to 1800 Kcal. Patients were contacted monthly by phone to reinforce diet and lifestyle advice and were seen at the gastrointestinal clinic when doubtful about diet advice. Results: At six-month follow-up, 6 subjects did not attend the clinic leaving only 26 patients for data analysis. Initial anthropometric values were mean weight 78 kg (range 52-95), mean body mass index (BMI) 26.8 Kg/m2 (range 20.3-31.2). Liver function tests showed mean ALT value 99 U/L (SD±45), mean AST value 54 U/L (SD±44), mean GGT value 160 U/L (SD±122), pre-treatment. After six months mean body weight was 73 Kg (range 52-87), mean BMI was 25.2 Kg/m2 (range 20.3-29.7) (p<0.001 compared to baseline for both parameters). Liver enzymes improved to a mean of ALT value 36 U/L (SD±21), AST value 27 U/L (SD±10) and GGT value 55 U/L (SD±57), respectively (p<0.001 compared to baseline for all enzymes). Normalization of liver function tests as a whole was observed in 20/26 patients (76.9%). A loss of ≥ 5% of body weight was observed in 12 patients (46.1%), but it did not correlate with the normalization of liver function tests (p=0.5). Conclusions: Our data provide preliminary evidence of improved liver enzymes in NAFLD patients with a strict vegan diet and although our study sample is limited, decreased body weight did not seem critical to the outcome

Diets including Animal Food Are Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a clinical condition with a prevalence of up to 25% in Western countries. Typical GERD symptoms include heartburn and retrosternal regurgitation. Lifestyle modifications, including diet, are considered a first-line therapeutic approach. To evaluate the impact of life habits on GERD in this cross-sectional study, we used data collected through an online survey from 1146 participants. GERD was defined according to the Montreal Consensus. For all participants, clinical and lifestyle characteristics were recorded. Overall, 723 participants (63.1%) consumed a diet including animal food (non-vegans), and 423 participants (36.9%) were vegans. The prevalence of GERD was 11% (CI 95%, 9–14%) in non-vegans and 6% (CI 95%, 4–8%) in vegans. In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, subjects on a non-vegan diet were associated with a two-fold increase in the prevalence of GERD compared to vegans (OR = 1.96, CI 95%, 1.22–3.17, p = 0.006). BMI and smoking habits were also significantly associated with GERD. This study shows that an animal food-based diet (meat, fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs) is associated with an increased risk of GERD compared to a vegan diet. These findings might inform the lifestyle management of patients with GERD-related symptoms

Adaptação da técnica de fluorescência para fins de genotipagem com novos marcadores microssatélite em feijoeiro

The objectives of this work were to adapt the fluorescent labeling (PCR) technique using M13 universal primer for genotyping purposes, and to present a new set of microsatellite markers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A large population (380 common bean lines) was used for microsatellite genotyping. PCR fluorescent labeling method showed to be very efficient for multiplex analysis, providing lower costs and saving time, thus increasing the quality of genotyping analysis. A new set of 50 microsatellites developed from an enriched library derived from cultivar IAC-UNA was presented. This study provides better tools for assisting common bean breeding programs.Os objetivos deste trabalho foram adaptar a técnica de marcação fluorescente de produtos da (PCR) com uso do iniciador universal M13, para aplicação em genotipagem, e apresentar novos marcadores microssatélite para o feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Uma população de grande tamanho amostral (380 linhagens) foi utilizada para genotipagem dos microssatélites. O método de PCR marcado por fluorescência demonstrou ser muito eficiente para a análise "multiplex" e proporcionou a redução de custos e ganho de tempo, aumentando a qualidade de análise da genotipagem. Foram apresentados 50 novos locos de microssatélites, desenvolvidos a partir de biblioteca enriquecida a partir da cultivar IAC-UNA. Este estudo fornece ferramentas melhores para assistir aos programas de melhoramento do feijoeiro