Zeichnungen aus dem KZ Neuengamme als Selbstzeugnisse: Funktion und Rezeption

Heß C. Zeichnungen aus dem KZ Neuengamme als Selbstzeugnisse: Funktion und Rezeption. In: Doerry J, Klei A, Thalhofer E, Wilke K, eds. Nationalsozialistische Zwangslager in Westdeutschland, Frankreich und den Niederlanden. Geschichte und Erinnerung. Paderborn: Schöningh; 2007: 133-145

Vibrio Zinc-Metalloprotease causes photoinactivation of\ud coral endosymbionts and coral tissue lesions

Background: Coral diseases are emerging as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide. Of nine coral infectious diseases,\ud whose pathogens have been characterized, six are caused by agents from the family Vibrionacae, raising questions as to\ud their origin and role in coral disease aetiology.\ud Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we report on a Vibrio zinc-metalloprotease causing rapid photoinactivation of\ud susceptible Symbiodinium endosymbionts followed by lesions in coral tissue. Symbiodinium photosystem II inactivation was diagnosed by an imaging pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer in two bioassays, performed by exposing Symbiodinium cells and coral juveniles to non-inhibited and EDTA-inhibited supernatants derived from coral white syndrome pathogens.\ud Conclusion/Significance: These findings demonstrate a common virulence factor from four phylogenetically related coral pathogens, suggesting that zinc-metalloproteases may play an important role in Vibrio pathogenicity in scleractinian corals

Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °C anthropogenic warming and beyond

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming were forced differently than future anthropogenic change, such periods can provide insights into potential future climate impacts and ecosystem feedbacks, especially over centennial-to-millennial timescales that are often not covered by climate model simulations. Our observation-based synthesis of the understanding of past intervals with temperatures within the range of projected future warming suggests that there is a low risk of runaway greenhouse gas feedbacks for global warming of no more than 2 °C. However, substantial regional environmental impacts can occur. A global average warming of 1–2 °C with strong polar amplification has, in the past, been accompanied by significant shifts in climate zones and the spatial distribution of land and ocean ecosystems. Sustained warming at this level has also led to substantial reductions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, with sea-level increases of at least several metres on millennial timescales. Comparison of palaeo observations with climate model results suggests that, due to the lack of certain feedback processes, model-based climate projections may underestimate long-term warming in response to future radiative forcing by as much as a factor of two, and thus may also underestimate centennial-to-millennial-scale sea-level rise