Forced synoptic coastal-trapped waves along the southern African coastline

Bibliography: pages 209-221.The presence of subinertial (2 to 20 day) oscillations in sea levels and currents over the continental shelf surrounding southern Africa is well-documented, however presently available observational data alone are largely ~nsuitable or insufficient to adequately characterise the shelf circulation in terms of coastal-trapped wave (CTW) theory. In this dissertation, an analysis of atmospheric pressure and sea level data from 1980 to 1990, a scale analysis of the equations of motion and numerical modelling are used to characterise the subinertial coastal-trapped wave motions off the west coast and south coasts of southern Africa. Appropriate scaling of the equations of motion and numerical analyses of the subinertial CTW response at a number of locations along the west and south coasts of southern Africa indicate that the large scale response of shelf waters to synoptic scale or "weather band" atmospheric forcing is predominantly barotropic. This permits the use of the linear, vertically integrated, shallow water wave equations on a J-plane to model the response of the West Coast shelf waters to "weather band" atmospheric forcing. The CTW dispersion curves have been calculated for a number of shelf profiles along the West and South Coast and are used in the interpretation of the sea level analyses and the numerical modelling results, and further to investigate the effect of increasing water column stratification on the subinertial CTW respons

Co-management of Traditional Foods: Opportunities and Limitations for Food Security in Northern First Nation Communities

Traditional foods that First Nations peoples harvest or gather from the land remain critically important for achieving and sustaining food security for many communities. In Canada’s North, land claim agreements include provisions for First Nations to participate in the governance of their traditional territories, including the co-management of important traditional (wild-harvested) food species. Because such agreements only specify the broad contours of co-management governance, their actual functioning evolves out of a complex interplay among the co-managing organizations over the course of time. This paper aims to deepen our understanding of how First Nations communities can enhance food security as participants in co-management. Our study connects research on food security with research on co-management and is the first to analyze how First Nations can improve their food security by influencing decision-making that affects traditional foods through co-management arrangements. Following a succinct review of the Indigenous food security and co-management literatures, we analyze the experiences of Kluane First Nation in enhancing community food security through the co-management of its traditional territory with Yukon Government and Parks Canada, interpreting the data in light of the theories and evidences offered by research on co-management. The analysis of data collected from semi-structured interviews and from First Nations and government resources shows that, while the co-management system is imperfect, it does offer a mechanism through which First Nations can exert influence on decisions that affect their food security. The three key themes emerging from the excerpts confirm the importance of co-management as an evolutionary and long-term process, in which trust- and relationship-building are ongoing activities that are fundamental to beneficial collaboration involving the sharing of information and power. The analysis also highlights the role of context, or situational factors, in facilitating or hindering collaboration.Pour de nombreuses collectivités, les aliments traditionnels que les peuples des Premières Nations récoltent ou recueillent sur la terre continuent de revêtir une importance primordiale pour atteindre et maintenir la sécurité alimentaire. Dans le Nord canadien, les ententes de revendications territoriales comprennent des dispositions selon lesquelles les Premières Nations peuvent jouer un rôle dans la gouvernance de leurs territoires traditionnels, ce qui comprend la cogestion des espèces alimentaires (sauvages et cueillies) traditionnelles importantes. Puisque ces ententes ne font mention que des grandes lignes de la gouvernance en cogestion, leur fonctionnement est le résultat, en réalité, d’une interaction complexe entre les organismes de cogestion au fil du temps. Cet article cherche à mieux comprendre comment les collectivités des Premières Nations peuvent améliorer leur sécurité alimentaire à titre de participants à la cogestion. Notre étude fait le lien entre les recherches sur la sécurité alimentaire et les recherches sur la cogestion. Il s’agit de la première étude qui analyse la manière dont les Premières Nations peuvent améliorer leur sécurité alimentaire en influençant les décisions qui ont des incidences sur les aliments traditionnels, et ce, par le biais d’accords de cogestion. Après un examen succinct de la documentation qui existe au sujet de la sécurité alimentaire et de la cogestion, nous analysons l’expérience de la Première Nation de Kluane en matière d’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire de la collectivité grâce à la cogestion de son territoire traditionnel avec le gouvernement du Yukon et Parcs Canada, puis nous interprétons les données à la lumière de théories et d’éléments de preuve découlant de travaux de recherche sur la cogestion. L’analyse des données recueillies à partir d’entrevues semi-structurées auprès de Premières Nations et de gouvernements montre que bien que le système de la cogestion soit imparfait, il offre un mécanisme permettant aux Premières Nations d’exercer une influence sur les décisions touchant leur sécurité alimentaire. Les principaux thèmes qui émergent de ces influences confirment l’importance de la cogestion à titre de processus évolutionnaire à long terme, dans le cadre duquel l’édification de la confiance et la conclusion de relations constituent des aspects fondamentaux en vue d’une collaboration bénéfique fondée sur le partage de l’information et du pouvoir. Par ailleurs, notre analyse met en évidence le rôle du contexte, ou les facteurs situationnels, qui facilitent la collaboration ou lui nuisent

The importance of interocean exchange south of Africa in a numerical model

A fine resolution numerical model of the Southern Ocean (the Fine Resolution Antarctic Model (FRAM)) has been used to investigate the way in which heat is supplied to the South Atlantic. The heat budget in the model is compared with other estimates and is found to be broadly realistic. The temperature structure in the Atlantic, and therefore the meridional heat transport, depend heavily on the input of heat from the Indian Ocean via the Agulhas Retroflection region. FRAM is compared with three models which do not exhibit a significant input of heat from the Indian Ocean. These models also have a lower equatorward heat transport in the South Atlantic. Horizontal resolution affects the amount of Agulhas transfer with coarser resolution leading to lower heat transport in the Atlantic, a result which has implications for ocean models used in climate simulations

The flow field of the subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean

The mean state of the transport field of the subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean has been derived for the upper 1000 m from selected historical hydrographic data. The subtropical gyre in the southwestern Indian Ocean is stronger than the flow in the other two oceans of the southern hemisphere. Most of the water in the South Indian gyre recirculates in the western and central parts of the basin. In the upper 1000 m the eastward transport of the South Indian Ocean Current starts with 60 Sv in the region southeast of South Africa. Between the longitudes of 40° and 50°E about 20 Sv of the 60 Sv recirculates in a southwest Indian subgyre. Another major diversion northward occurs between 60° and 70°E. At 90°E the remaining 20 Sv of the eastward flow splits up, 10 Sv going north to join the westward flow and only 10 Sv continuing in a northeastward direction to move northward near Australia. Near Australia, there is indication of the poleward flowing Leeuwin Current with a transport of 5 Sv. In the central tropical Indian Ocean between 10°S and 20°S, about 15 Sv flows to the west. The western boundary current of this subtropical gyre consists of the Agulhas Current along the east coast of southern Africa. Its mean flow is composed of 25 Sv from east of Madagascar and 35 Sv from recirculation in the southwest Indian subgyre south of Madagascar, with only 5 Sv being contributed from the Mozambique Channel. A net southward transport of 10 Sv results for the upper 1000 m of the South Indian Ocean. In contrast to the triangular shape of the subtropical gyre in the South Atlantic, probably caused by the cross‐equatorial flow into the North Atlantic, the area influenced by the subtropical gyre in the South Indian Ocean is more rectangular

Validity of western bean cutworm growing degree day model in Iowa

Objective The goal of this project was to determine the validity of the western bean cutworm, Richia albicosta (Noctuidae), growing degree day (GDD) model developed at the University of Nebraska with western bean cutworm flight and weather data collected in Iowa. The completed project will show if the current GDD model holds up when compared with data collected in Iowa from 2003 to 2005. The project will also show if more data needs to be collected and analyzed to further test the current GDD model. Outcomes The outcomes of the project show that the previously developed GDD model for western bean cutworm is valid for populations in Iowa. However the data shows that the current model might not be as accurate as researchers would like. Considering the error is so large in the current model, more research is recommended to try to improve the accuracy of the model. Since the current model is relatively accurate in Iowa, it can reasonably be expected to be as accurate in other states where the range of the western bean cutworm is spreading to. With the growing economic importance of western bean cutworm in Iowa, and possibly other states, it is important to be able to predict accurately when western bean cutworm moth emergence can be expected so control options can be considered. In the end having an accurate GDD model for western bean cutworm will help growers control the pest and researchers to be able to focus their resources when studying the insect

ENIGE OPMERKINGEN OVER DE WERKWIJZE VAN EEN COMPUTER

ENIGE OPMERKINGEN OVER DE WERKWIJZE VAN EEN COMPUTE

Dismissing High Earners is High Risk

Article deposited after permission was granted by LRC, June 11, 2013.The article discusses the Merill Lynch v. Soost court case wherein Kurt Soost, vice president of Merrill Lynch Canada Inc., filed a case against the employer for his wrongful dismissal. The Alberta Court of Appeal awarded Soost with money damages including one year income loss which is 600,000 dollars and dismissal in harsh manner which is 1.6 million dollars.N

Oceanographic conditions during three ichthyoplankton surveys of the Agulhas Current in 1990/91

Oceanographic conditions measured during three 1990/91 ichthyoplankton surveys along the east coast of South Africa, between Algoa Bay and Tugela, are presented. Offshore of the shelf-break the south-flowing Agulhas Current was the dominant feature, strongly influencing oceanographic conditions on the shelf, with intrusions of Agulhas Current surface water extending shorewards during all three cruises. Inshore there was a strong subsurface temperature front which maintained a fixed location in the vicinity of Mbashe. Central Water upwelled onto the shelf south of Mbashe and there was a strong seasonal thermocline at stations over the southern shelf. Ichthyoplankton concentrations ranged from 0,005 to 4,576 larvae·m−3. Concentrations generally decreased offshore, the mean concentration in the Agulhas Current being about half of that recorded inshore. Completion of identifications of fish larvae will enable larval assemblages to be correlated with oceanographic conditions prevalent during the three cruises