SEKTOR SOSIAL DAN BUDAYA DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN TRANSPORTASI DI BERBAGAI SEKTOR PENGARUH AKSESIBILITAS PADA PERUBAHAN SOSIAL DI DAERAH MARGINAL KAMPUNG SUNGAI LABUH

Dalam pembahasan sistem sosial seringkali dipisahkan dari sistem budaya, padahal kedua pengertian tersebut tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan tegas. Kehidupan masyarakat, gejala-gejala sosial dan gejala-gejala budaya saling berhubungan dan berpengaruh. Unsur-unsur kebudayaan terbagi menjadi dua yaitu yang bersifat kebendaan (tangibles/material goods) seperti bangunan, mesin, mobil, peralatan, pakaian dan hasil teknologi lainnya (contoh: komputer). Yang kedua adalah unsur-unsur kebudayaan manusia yang tak-tampak (intangibles, immaterials) seperti pemikiran, gagasan, angan-angan, dan lain-lain. Kedua unsur kebudayaan ini berdampingan dengan nilai-nilai, norma-norma, dan etika, kemudian diwariskan dan dikembangkan oleh manusia melalui peran pewarisan, pendidikan, dan pembiasaan secara dinamis, serta berlangsung terus menerus sepanjang hayat manusia (Soekanto, 2012).Masalah perubahan sosial budaya sudah menjadi topik diskusi yang menarik. Munculnya kesadaran akan pentingnya pengkajian terhadap masalah perubahan sosial budaya, terutama setelah masyarakat menyaksikan suatu kenyataan bahwa kemajuan yang pesat di bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sangat mendorong untuk melakukan kajian secara konsepsional. Perubahan sosial budaya dalam masyarakat meliputi kehidupan masyarakat kota dan masyarakat desa yang juga telah banyak mengalami perubahan maupun perkembangan akibat dari kemajuan teknologi, komunikasi, dan transportasi dalam tatanan kehidupan masyarakat secara luas.Transportasi adalah seperangkat fasilitas berupa barang dan jasa yang disediakan untuk kepentingan publik atau masyarakat dalam layanan pengangkutan. Transportasi adalah saham atas layanan atau fasilitas dasar dan peralatan modal pengangkutan yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat sebagai pelaksanaan fungsi suatu negara atau daerah, sebagai contoh penyediaan transportasi darat, laut dan udara, dan pekerjaan umum yang sama yang diperlukan dalam sistem transportasi (Srinivasu & Rao, 2013; Asmawi et al., 2018). Transportasi yang baik membantu untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan menurunkan biaya dalam kegiatan langsung produktif ekonomi. Penyediaan yang memadai atas transportasi yang baik dapat membantu meningkatkan produktivitas dan menurunkan biaya langsung produksi yang lebih rendah, yang selanjutnya dapat memperluas atau meningkatkan pertumbuhan (Gopalakrishna & Leelavathi, 2011)

Adipocyte-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B deletion increases lipogenesis, adipocyte cell size and is a minor regulator of glucose homeostasis

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Discrimination of water quality monitoring sites in River Vouga using a mixed-effect state space model

The surface water quality monitoring is an important concern of public organizations due to its relevance to the public health. Statistical methods are taken as consistent and essential tools in the monitoring procedures in order to prevent and identify environmental problems. This work presents the study case of the hydrological basin of the river Vouga, in Portugal. The main goal is discriminate the water monitoring sites using the monthly dissolved oxygen concentration dataset between January 2002 and May 2013. This is achieved through the extraction of trend and seasonal components in a linear mixed-effect state space model. The parameters estimation is performed with both maximum likelihood method and distribution-free estimators in a two-step procedure. The application of the Kalman smoother algorithm allows to obtain predictions of the structural components as trend and seasonality. The water monitoring sites are discriminated through the structural components by a hierarchical agglomerative clustering procedure. This procedure identified different homogenous groups relatively to the trend and seasonality components and some characteristics of the hydrological basin are presented in order to support the results

Neural adaptations to electrical stimulation strength training

This review provides evidence for the hypothesis that electrostimulation strength training (EST) increases the force of a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) through neural adaptations in healthy skeletal muscle. Although electrical stimulation and voluntary effort activate muscle differently, there is substantial evidence to suggest that EST modifies the excitability of specific neural paths and such adaptations contribute to the increases in MVC force. Similar to strength training with voluntary contractions, EST increases MVC force after only a few sessions with some changes in muscle biochemistry but without overt muscle hypertrophy. There is some mixed evidence for spinal neural adaptations in the form of an increase in the amplitude of the interpolated twitch and in the amplitude of the volitional wave, with less evidence for changes in spinal excitability. Cross-sectional and exercise studies also suggest that the barrage of sensory and nociceptive inputs acts at the cortical level and can modify the motor cortical output and interhemispheric paths. The data suggest that neural adaptations mediate initial increases in MVC force after short-term EST

Micropropagation and conservation of selected endangered anticancer medicinal plants from the Western Ghats of India

Globally, cancer is a constant battle which severely affects the human population. The major limitations of the anticancer drugs are the deleterious side effects on the quality of life. Plants play a vital role in curing many diseases with minimal or no side effects. Phytocompounds derived from various medicinal plants serve as the best source of drugs to treat cancer. The global demand for phytomedicines is mostly reached by the medicinal herbs from the tropical nations of the world even though many plant species are threatened with extinction. India is one of the mega diverse countries of the world due to its ecological habitats, latitudinal variation, and diverse climatic range. Western Ghats of India is one of the most important depositories of endemic herbs. It is found along the stretch of south western part of India and constitutes rain forest with more than 4000 diverse medicinal plant species. In recent times, many of these therapeutically valued herbs have become endangered and are being included under the red-listed plant category in this region. Due to a sharp rise in the demand for plant-based products, this rich collection is diminishing at an alarming rate that eventually triggered dangerous to biodiversity. Thus, conservation of the endangered medicinal plants has become a matter of importance. The conservation by using only in situ approaches may not be sufficient enough to safeguard such a huge bio-resource of endangered medicinal plants. Hence, the use of biotechnological methods would be vital to complement the ex vitro protection programs and help to reestablish endangered plant species. In this backdrop, the key tools of biotechnology that could assist plant conservation were developed in terms of in vitro regeneration, seed banking, DNA storage, pollen storage, germplasm storage, gene bank (field gene banking), tissue bank, and cryopreservation. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to critically review major endangered medicinal plants that possess anticancer compounds and their conservation aspects by integrating various biotechnological tool

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700