Roman and avignonese propaganda in the aftermath of the Great Schism: a new perspective on a political clash from two inedited letters (1378-89)

This paper analyses and edits two anonymous Latin letters that help to assess the political climate in the aftermath of the Great Schism: a Devil’s letter addressed to Clement VII and a literary polished invective against Urban VI. After a brief investigation of the events that led to the outbreak of the schism, the paper compares the two letters in light of the contemporary political framework, in order to demonstrate why they qualify as propagandistic documents that present each of the two popes as a threat for Christendom, and to evaluate how they exploited their literary distinctiveness to increase the strength of their political accusations. In doing so the aim is to assess the outbreak of the Schism from a viewpoint based on some distinctive strategies of political communication employed after the double election

An emerging user-led participatory methodology: Mapping impact pathways of urban food system sustainability innovations

This chapter presents an emerging effort to develop a participatory mapping methodology that will illuminate the pathways through which sustainable urban food systems achieve lasting impact. Carried out in collaboration with Està (Economia e Sostenibilità), the UNESCO Chair in World Food System (at Montpellier SupAgro), CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) and the LCSFS (Laurier Center for Sustainable Food Systems), this initiative aims to provide an alternative to quantitative tools that lack precision at the local level, and to qualitative approaches holding a narrow focus that may obscure broader systemic dynamics. This URBAL project focuses on innovations in consumer practices, value-chains, and governance by examining 12 case studies in eight cities in the Global South and North

‘Qui totum sibi vendicat quod scripserat esse suum’: The Limits of Papal dominium from a Fictitious Letter of 1307

In 1307, during a session of the Parliament of Carlisle, a Latin letter purportedly fell from the sky. Its aim was to reproach the attempts of the pope to interfere in English economic and politic affairs through the appointment of his candidates to English benefices, the so-called provisores. The letter develops its opposition to the pontiff’s policy by delving into a key contept of Medieval thought: the limitations to the pope’s political and economic dominium. The aim of this paper is to assess this fictitious epistle’s contribution to a debate that had deep roots in medieval legal thought. The paper traces the evolution of the theory of papal dominium from Augustine to Gilles of Rome and assesses the ways in which this letter developed some interesting aspects of the reflexion on the nature of papal dominium that would later be used by leading intellectuals such as William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua to limit the pontiff’s prerogatives during the debate over apostolic poverty. The paper concludes with an investigation of the fortune of the letter in Early Modern England, in order to assess the peculiar reception of this text by Protestant intellectuals

Ispirare il management nelle aziende pubbliche: da un caso pratico a considerazioni trasferibili in campo sanitario

L’autore ha inteso approfondire l’ispirazione del management di una azienda pubblica e segnatamente sanitaria. Ha evidenziato, preliminarmente, le difficoltà che incontra la Società pubblica che riceve indirizzi dall’Ente, che ha obiettivi alti e opera attraverso leggi e norme, per trasformarli in opere e servizi attivando il mercato, costituito da aziende e professionisti, che perseguono obiettivi economici. Per attuare un compito così complesso la Società deve avvalersi di un management che sia evoluto dalla cultura dell’atto, arricchita con le competenze manageriali e con quelle che attengono alla relazione, alla cultura del valore. Nel caso della azienda sanitaria il valore è certamente il benessere (nel senso più ampio possibile) del paziente, ma la complessità è elevata, come sostiene Mintzberg, per via della relazione tra i diversi attori coinvolti (CDA, manager, infermieri, medici), taluni più vicini al paziente, o più contigui alla attività della azienda e con ruoli più o meno intermittenti. L’autore ha illustrato il caso concreto del sistema incentivante implementato in una società in house che, per motivare alcune figure come il Responsabile del Procedimento (paradigma del manager pubblico), prevede diverse leve e un MBO orientato al controllo di tempi e costi. Ha esteso poi la riflessione sulle diverse modalità di ispirazione del management, passando dalla formazione al coordinamento alla leadership. The author meant to deepen the inspirations that lead to the evolution of a Public Health Care Enterprise. He, mainly, stressed the struggles of the Public Enterprise while perceiving the vision given by the Ruling Public Entity. The Public Enterprise pursues general interest’s targets operating via laws and rules to be converted into infrastractures and services through the performance of the free market. On the opposite, this free market, made of companies and professionals pursues mainly economical targets. To fulfil such a complex task the Public Entity has to take advantage from a management capable of overcoming the mere culture of the act and pairing with a culture that relies on relationship and value-creating behaviour. In this specific case, for an Health Care Public Company, the value is intended as the patient’s welfare. Fulfilling this challenge has a high degree of complexity, as Mintzberg has been stressing too, mainly for the interactions of different stakeholders (Board of Directors, Managers, Nurses, Doctors), among whom some are closer to the patients, while others are closer to the pure company businesses. The author has described the practical case of an incentive system implemented in an inhouse company which, in order to empower management figure like the Responsible of the Proceedings, has set a time & cost saving based MBO, giving different leverages in order to perceive it. The author has finally extended his analysis on the different ways to inspire/stimulate the management as training, project management and leadership.PAROLE CHIAVE: incentivare, ispirare, gestione, pubblico, sanitario.KEYWORDS: empowerment, inspire, management, public, health

Historical comparison of the damage caused by the propagation of a dam break wave in a pre-alpine valley

Study region: Valle Camonica basin and Lake Iseo in the Italian pre-alpine and alpine region. Study focus: This paper provides the first hydraulic reconstruction of the terminal part of the Gleno dam break with the propagation of the flood wave along a wide pre-alpine valley. The reconstruction of this part of the event, accomplished with a new 2D Shallow Water Equations solver, provides the occasion to tackle some important issues related to the computation of flood damage, a topic of paramount practical importance for which there is no widely accepted procedure in the literature. New hydrological insights for the region: The hydraulic reconstruction provides insights into the propagation of the flood through the floodplain as far as the inlet of Lake Iseo. A methodology for damage computation is presented that considers a physically based criterion for the vulnerability of human life, with significant implications with respect to the use of simpler approaches based only on the density of the population. The economic evaluation of the damage to the built environment and to agricultural activities is included through a comprehensive recent approach. We discuss the variations of the expected damage due to the hydraulic works accomplished over the last 100 years to decrease the flood hazard, showing that its reduction has been followed by an increase in the expected damage in the surrounding areas

Quels effets des circuits courts de commercialisation sur les moyens d’existence des agriculteurs familiaux ? Le cas d’une foire paysanne à Quito (Équateur)

En Équateur, les circuits courts se développent, sous l’impulsion de l’État et des organisations de la société civile soucieuses de promouvoir l’agriculture familiale marginalisée. Cet article utilise le cadre analytique des moyens d’existence durables (Sustainable Livelihoods Framework) pour étudier les effets sur des petits producteurs agricoles de leur participation à une foire hebdomadaire de vente directe aux consommateurs, à Quito. Il montre que cette participation entraîne, de manière directe et indirecte, un renforcement de plusieurs de leurs capitaux, qui induit à son tour une amélioration des conditions d’existence et des ressources productives.In Ecuador, short food supply chains are developing under the impetus of the State and civil society organizations concerned with the promotion of marginalized family farming. This paper uses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to shed light on the effects on small scale farmers of their participation in a weekly fair of direct sales to consumers in Quito. It shows that this participation entails, directly and indirectly, a strengthening of many of their assets, which in turn leads to an improvement in living conditions and productive resources

Comparative branching order and root anatomy of clonal and seed-grown avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.)

Characterizing roots according to their branching order and anatomy is a useful approach for identifying functional differences within and among root systems. In this study, the root branching order and the anatomy of each root order (stele and cortex area) were examined in two-year-old “Duke 7” avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees propagated by seed and by clonal techniques. The root systems were found to have three different root orders that exhibited differences in the occurrence of secondary xylem. Fine roots (first- and second-order roots) presented only primary growth, whereas the main roots (third-order roots) exhibited secondary growth. Transverse sections of roots from the different orders showed pentarch, hexarch or heptarch tracheal element distributions. Newly emerged, long, unbranched pioneer roots were observed only in the clonal trees and showed particular anatomical features, such as a larger diameter and a proportionally greater cortex area than other roots, as well as primary growth. Additionally, significant differences were found between clonal and seedling trees in the stele area of third-order roots; clonal propagation resulted in larger stele areas in this type of root. Our results suggest that propagation methods influence the presence of new pioneer roots and the anatomy of third-order roots; clonal root systems branch more extensively than seed-grown root systems and develop a vascular system with a larger transport capacity

Nutritional relationships in bitter pit-affected fruit and the feasibility of Vis-NIR models to determine calcium concentration in Fuji apples.

Fuji is among the most cultivated apples worldwide but affected by the disorder bitter pit (BP). Calcium deficiency plays an important role on fruit susceptibility to BP. The objectives of this study were to determine nutritional relationships in BP-affected fruit and to verify if Vis-NIR models can predict Ca concentration in Fuji apples. Fruit was harvested during 2018 season from two different orchards with historical high BP incidence. Seven hundred and fifty apples were stored at 0 ?C for 150 days plus 10 days at 20 ?C for BP assessments. After storage, 20 fruit with BP symptoms (BP+) and 20 healthy fruit (BP?) were assessed individually for mineral concentration. Vis-NIR evaluation involved a spectra range from 285 to 1200 nm to predict Ca concentration from ?Fuji? powder enriched Ca solutions. In each orchard, healthy apples had significantly higher Ca concentration than apples with BP. The K/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios were significantly lower in healthy fruit compared with BP? affected fruit. The relationship B/Ca proved to be significant in BP fruit. Although Ca interaction with organic substances and/or cellular structures could influence NIR spectra in fresh fruit, our results showed that Vis-NIR models could not be used to direct prediction of fruit Ca concentration

Efecto de la fertilización fosforada sobre el contenido de cadmio en cuatro suelos de Chile

Phosphate fertilizers may contain cadmiun (Cd) which may become part of the trophic chains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilizer on available Cd content in four Chilean soil types, belonging to orders Alfisol, Inceptisol, Ultisol and Andisol. Treatments consisted of control without P fertilizer and P application with commercial triple superphosphate containing 53.2 mg Cd per kg of fertilizer. The dose of phosphate fertilizer applied was enough to reach the level of 30 mg kg-1 P-Olsen. The soils were incubated up to 90 days, at 25oC and field capacity. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications, and the experimental unit was a container with 250 g of soil (dry matter). Available Cd was measured at 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 36, 49, 63, 77, and 90 days after incubation. Application of P at agronomic rate using fertilizer with a high Cd content produced significant effects on available Cd content in the soil types studied, however, incubation time period did not present such effect.Phosphate fertilizers may contain cadmiun (Cd) which may become part of the trophic chains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilizer on available Cd content in four Chilean soil types, belonging to orders Alfisol, Inceptisol, Ultisol and Andisol. Treatments consisted of control without P fertilizer and P application with commercial triple superphosphate containing 53.2 mg Cd per kg of fertilizer. The dose of phosphate fertilizer applied was enough to reach the level of 30 mg kg-1 P-Olsen. The soils were incubated up to 90 days, at 25oC and field capacity. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications, and the experimental unit was a container with 250 g of soil (dry matter). Available Cd was measured at 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 36, 49, 63, 77, and 90 days after incubation. Application of P at agronomic rate using fertilizer with a high Cd content produced significant effects on available Cd content in the soil types studied, however, incubation time period did not present such effect.Los fertilizantes fosforados pueden contener cadmio (Cd) y al utilizarlos pueden entrar en las cadenas tróficas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la fertilización fosforada sobre la concentración de Cd disponible en cuatro tipos de suelos de Chile, que pertenecían a los ordenes Inceptisol, Alfisol, Ultisol y Andisol. Los dos tratamientos usados fueron el testigo sin fertilización y la aplicación de una dosis de corrección con un fertilizante comercial, superfosfato triple (SFT), que tenía una concentración de 53,2 mg de Cd por kg de fertilizante. La dosis de fertilizante aplicada fue la necesaria para alcanzar un nivel de 30 mg kg-1 de P-Olsen. Los suelos se incubaron en estufa durante 90 días, a 25ºC y humedad de capacidad de campo. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con tres repeticiones para cada suelo y donde la unidad experimental fue un contenedor con 250 g de suelo seco. Se midió Cd disponible a los 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 36, 49, 63, 77 y 90 días después de la incubación. La aplicación de P en dosis agronómica, utilizando fertilizante con alto contenido de Cd, tuvo un efecto estadísticamente significativo sobre la concentración de Cd disponible en los suelos estudiados, sin embargo, no hubo efecto del tiempo de incubación en la disponibilidad de Cadmio

Self alignment and instability of waveguides induced by optical forces

We introduce a new fundamental property of waveguides induced by the forces of the guided light, namely, the ability to self align or be in instability. A nanoscale waveguide broken by an offset and a gap may tend to self align to form a continuous waveguide. Conversely, depending on the geometry and light polarization, the two parts of the waveguide may be deflected away from each other, thus being in an unstable state. These effects are unique as they rely on the presence of both the guided mode and the scattered light. Strong self alignment forces may be facilitated by near field interaction with polarization surface charges