Strategic approaches to ensuring information security in the context of digitalisation of economic processes

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between digital security and economic sustainability in the context of digital governance transformation on the example of Albania, Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, and the Czech Republic. The methodological framework included structural-functional analysis, processing of statistical indicators, and econometric modelling of the dependencies between the level of digital security and indicators of economic activity. Special attention was paid to the analysis of modern cybersecurity regulations adopted in 2024-2025, with a focus on sectoral regulation and the powers of national authorities. The study found that countries with greater values of the digital maturity index (up to 74.3 in Estonia) and human capital (up to 0.79), as well as with a prominent level of employee coverage by corporate cyber awareness programmes (up to 81% in the same country), demonstrated lower productivity losses due to cyber incidents, greater resilience to solvency risks (up to 0.33 in the Czech Republic), and a greater share of e-commerce in the gross domestic product (GDP) (up to 9.8% in the Czech Republic). The active implementation of digital security tools was found to be accompanied by a decrease in the negative impact of incidents on the activities of enterprises, although in some cases (e.g., in Estonia) high losses were maintained with a small number of violations. The study determined that the introduction of cloud services and multi-level authentication is critical to increasing the adaptability of economic systems to digital challenges and reducing the overall level of vulnerability of enterprises. The summary results of the study highlighted the need to integrate technical solutions, digital education, institutional protocols, and corporate cyber hygiene culture into a single, coherent digital security strategy that factors in the specifics of national digitalisation models. The findings of this study can be used by public authorities, small and medium-sized businesses, analytical institutions, and developers of digital strategies to optimise information security management mechanisms

La cultura del procedimento amministrativo: origini e ragioni di fondo

This study examines the emergence and underlying reasons of the “culture of administrative procedure,” focusing on the Spanish case in the 19th century and highlighting its uniqueness within the European context. While most European legal systems lacked a developed concept of administrative procedure—largely due to the desire to maintain a strong and unconstrained administration—Spain experienced a gradual evolution of a rich legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential tradition. This process culminated in the Azcárate Act of 1889, widely regarded as the first general codification of administrative procedure. The article traces the origins of this culture, initially through sector-specific procedural regulations and later through their theoretical systematization and the emergence of a “subjective right to procedure.” Particular emphasis is placed on the contribution of Santamaría de Paredes, who conceptualized administrative procedure as an autonomous legal category, distinct from judicial proceedings and instrumental to the delivery of public services. Finally, the study identifies three main underlying factors: jurisdictional traditionalism, conservative liberalism (viewing procedure as a tool of administrative power), and harmonic liberalism (emphasizing its role as a guarantee for citizens). The Spanish experience demonstrates that administrative procedure results from a complex interplay between administrative efficiency and the protection of individual rights.Il lavoro analizza la formazione e le ragioni della “cultura del procedimento amministrativo” con particolare riferimento al caso spagnolo del XIX secolo, evidenziandone l’eccezionalità nel contesto europeo. Mentre negli altri ordinamenti europei mancava una vera elaborazione giuridica del procedimento amministrativo – a causa della volontà di preservare un’amministrazione forte e poco vincolata da formalità – in Spagna si sviluppò progressivamente una ricca tradizione normativa, dottrinale e giurisprudenziale. Tale evoluzione culminò nella legge Azcárate del 1889, considerata la prima codificazione generale del procedimento amministrativo. Lo studio ricostruisce le origini di questa cultura, dapprima attraverso la regolazione settoriale delle procedure amministrative e, successivamente, mediante la loro sistematizzazione teorica e la progressiva affermazione del “diritto soggettivo al procedimento”. Un ruolo centrale è attribuito alla dottrina di Santamaría de Paredes, che concepì il procedimento amministrativo come categoria autonoma, distinta dal processo giurisdizionale e funzionale alla realizzazione dei servizi pubblici. Infine, vengono individuate tre principali ragioni di fondo: il tradizionalismo giurisdizionale, il liberalismo conservatore (che vede il procedimento come strumento di potere) e il liberalismo armonico (che ne valorizza la funzione garantistica). Il caso spagnolo dimostra così come il procedimento amministrativo sia il risultato di una complessa interazione tra esigenze di efficienza amministrativa e tutela dei diritti

Understanding Consumer Segments: Market Preferences of Urban Olive Consumers in Iraq

The Iraqi olive industry faces substantial changes due to the government\u27s ambitious efforts to promote the expansion of olive cultivation. Despite this growth, the market for olive products remains underexplored, particularly from a consumer behavior perspective. This study aims to identify distinct consumer segments within Iraq’s urban olive market by examining the behavioral, demographic, and psychographic characteristics that differentiate these groups. A questionnaire capturing these characteristics was administered to 250 olive consumers across three major regions. The principal component analysis together with cluster analysis were utilized to analyze the data. Principal component analysis identified two factors, grouping olive consumers into Loyal Local Olive Enthusiasts and Price-Conscious Olive Oil Consumers. Cluster analysis yielded three segments: Health-Focused Table Olive Consumers, Value-Seeking Olive Oil Consumers, and Trusting Local Olive Consumers. The identified segments differ from each other regarding their product choices, their price awareness, and their commitment to domestic products. The research results offer producers and policymakers specific guidance to create marketing approaches that meet consumer needs while promoting sustainable growth of Iraq\u27s olive industr

Comprehensive Sexuality Education per prevenire le violenze di genere – Proposte minime per colmare un gap evidente tra regola e prassi

This paper analyzes the existing gap between international policies to prevent gender-based violence (GBV) and their national implementation, with a focus on prevention. To delve into this foundational pillar, the role of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) will be examined as a fundamental tool for deconstructing stereotypes and gender roles, thereby addressing the deep roots of violence. Secondly, international and national legislation on GBV will be reviewed, highlighting both its potential and shortcomings. The hypothesis is that the absence of national legislation mandating compulsory and curricular CSE compromises the effectiveness of the entire normative framework, perpetuating harmful power dynamics instead of eradicating them.Il contributo analizza il divario esistente tra impegni normativi internazionali per la prevenzione della violenza di genere e la loro implementazione nazionale, focalizzando l’attenzione sulla prevenzione. Al fine di approfondire questo pilastro fondativo, verrà esaminato dapprima il ruolo della Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE), quale strumento fondamentale per decostruire stereotipi e ruoli di genere ed estirpare le radici profonde della violenza; secondariamente si passerà in rassegna la normativa internazionale e nazionale in materia di violenza di genere, per evidenziarne potenzialità e criticità. L\u27ipotesi è che l\u27assenza di una legislazione nazionale relativa ad un’educazione sessuale e affettiva curriculare e obbligatoria comprometta l\u27efficacia dell’intero apparato normativo, perpetuando dinamiche di potere dannose invece di estirparle

L’autovincolo nella scelta amministrativa. Premesse allo studio di una ricostruzione della funzione amministrativa come procedura

This article aims to provide a critical analysis of the structural configuration of the administrative function in light of the recent legislative changes introduced by the Public Contracts Code. Specifically, this study examines whether and how these novelties concerning the principle of self-imposed constraint (autovincolo) impact the existing regulatory framework. To this end, the paper reviews the historical emergence of the concept of self-imposed constraint. More precisely, it focuses on examining the mandatory nature and subsequently the self-binding nature of administrative power. This subject has, in fact, been sparsely addressed directly by legal scholars, particularly in the period following the enactment of the general law on administrative procedure. Subsequently, the paper addresses the admissibility and scope of relevance of the self-imposed constraint in the current context, specifically analyzing the positions taken by legal commentary and case law on this issue. Jurisprudence generally invokes the self-imposed constraint principle, sometimes attributing to it a constitutional character, primarily to affirm the binding role of the lex specialis on subsequent administrative determinations. On the other hand, legal scholars, prior to the enactment of Law No. 241 of August 7, 1990, had focused on the self-limitation of the Public Administration, asserting its tendentially mandatory and general validity. Later, this administrative predetermination was interpreted as an anticipation of the exercise of discretionary power. According to a more recent doctrine, the principle of result is argued not to have a significant impact within the regulatory framework, given that the so-called results-oriented administration is already largely accepted through judicial and doctrinal interpretation. Thus, the only way to safeguard the legal relevance of the principle of result is argued to lie in the self-imposed constraint. In conclusion, the article seeks to offer original perspectives for the re-interpretation of this legal concept. While generally concurring with the prevailing judicial interpretation of the self-imposed constraint and the latest doctrinal considerations outlined above, it is maintained that the mechanism under examination warrants further study. In particular, the paper argues that the legislator, with the aforementioned legislative changes, has once again highlighted certain procedural characteristics of the administrative function. It is contended that the self-imposed constraint constitutes a procedural obligation of the Public Administration pertaining to the structural configuration of the administrative function. The administrative function cannot be fully exercised without a procedure aimed at its own self-regulation. Therefore, the preclusive effect arising from the self-imposed constraint is deemed immanent to the structural configuration of the administrative function, particularly from a procedural standpoint.Il presente contributo si prefigge lo scopo di fornire alcuni spunti di riflessione in ordine alla configurazione strutturale della funzione amministrativa, in relazione alle recenti novità legislative, introdotte con il codice dei contratti pubblici. Così, ci si pone il problema di capire se ed in che modo tali novità in materia di autovincolo impattino all’interno del quadro normativo. Allo scopo, l’articolo disamina diacronicamente l’emersione del concetto di autovincolo. Più nel dettaglio, ci si sofferma sull’esame – prima – dell’obbligatorietà e – poi – dell’auto-obbligatorietà del potere amministrativo. Il tema, invero, è stato scarsamente affrontato dalla dottrina in maniera diretta, vieppiù nel contesto successivo all’emanazione della legge generale sul procedimento. Successivamente, ci si sofferma sull’ammissibilità e l’ambito di rilevanza dell’autovincolo nel contesto attuale, analizzando specificamente le posizioni della dottrina e della giurisprudenza sul punto. La giurisprudenza, in via generica, richiama il principio dell’autovincolo, talora attribuendogli carattere costituzionale, soprattutto per affermare il ruolo della lex specialis rispetto alle determinazioni successive. Invece, la dottrina, precedentemente all’emanazione della legge 7 agosto, n. 1990, si era soffermata sull’autolimite della pubblica amministrazione, affermando una valenza dello stesso tendenzialmente obbligatoria e generale. Successivamente, la predeterminazione amministrativa è stata configurata quale anticipo dell’esercizio del potere discrezionale. Secondo un’altra tesi più recente, il principio del risultato non avrebbe un impatto significativo all’interno del quadro normativo, posto che la c.d. amministrazione di risultato è già pacificamente ammessa dall’interpretazione dottrinale e giurisprudenziale. Così, l’unico modo per salvare la giuridicità del principio di risultato starebbe nell’autovincolo. In conclusione, si tenta fornire alcuni spunti originali per la ricostruzione dell’istituto in parola. Sebbene si sia, in generale, d’accordo con l’interpretazione giurisprudenziale sull’autovincolo in voga e sulle considerazioni effettuate dall’ultima dottrina sopra esposta, si sostiene che l’istituto in esame meriti un approfondimento ulteriore. In particolare, si sostiene che il legislatore, con le suddette novità legislative, abbia posto in luce una volta in più alcuni caratteri procedurali della funzione amministrativa. In particolare, si sostiene che l’autovincolo sia un obbligo procedurale della pubblica amministrazione afferente alla configurazione strutturale della funzione amministrativa. Non si ritiene che la funzione amministrativa possa essere esercitata in senso compiuto in assenza di una procedura volta alla propria autoregolazione. Così, si crede che l’effetto preclusivo derivante dall’autovincolo sia immanente alla configurazione strutturale della funzione amministrativa, in particolare sotto un punto di vista procedurale

Laura Ronchetti: Ecocostituzionalismo. La sovranità popolare di fronte alla crisi ecologica, Editoriale Scientifica, Napoli 2024 (Critica operativa – Studi di Diritto costituzionale, n. 5), pp. 241, € 16, ISBN 9791223501207

This section does not require an abstract.Questa sezione non prevede un abstract

Analysis of the functioning of corrupt networks in state governance: Contemporary political and legal methods of combating corruption

The aim of this study was to analyse the functioning of corrupt networks in the sphere of state governance in Kyrgyzstan and to assess contemporary methods of combating corruption applied both domestically and at the international level. The research involved a review of legislation, including the Criminal Code, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 153 “On Combating Corruption”, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 125 “On State Civil Service and Municipal Service”, the State Strategy for Combating Corruption and Eliminating its Causes in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2021-2024, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The findings revealed that corruption in Kyrgyzstan affects both local and central government bodies, manifesting in the forms of bribery and the misappropriation of public funds. An analysis of the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures established that, despite existing legislative initiatives such as the adoption of anti-corruption laws and the Strategy, the implementation of these measures faces challenges due to political influence and weak enforcement practices. Furthermore, the study identified that the introduction of information technologies, such as e-government and the digitalisation of public services, significantly reduces the level of corruption, particularly in the area of public procurement. The research concluded that corruption in the sphere of state governance in the Kyrgyz Republic remains a serious issue, especially in sectors such as public procurement, taxation, the judiciary, and the regulatory and licensing system. The Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023 ranked Kyrgyzstan 141st out of 185 countries, while its ranking in the Rule of Law Index was 103rd out of 142 countries, indicating a low level of trust in the judicial system and weak protection of citizens\u27 rights. The study highlights the need to strengthen the independence of anti-corruption bodies and enhance international cooperation to facilitate the exchange of experience and technology in the fight against corruption

Riflessioni introduttive su metodo e potere giuridico nel diritto pubblico

This essay offers an initial reworking of the lecture on legal methods and legal power in public law delivered on 10 March 2025 at the Doctoral School in Institutions and Policies of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan, and presented again on 12 March 2025 in the Ph.D. Program in Public Law of the Department of Legal and Economic Studies at Sapienza University of Rome.Il presente saggio costituisce una prima sistemazione della Lezione su metodo e potere giuridico nel diritto pubblico tenuta il 10 marzo 2025 presso la Scuola di dottorato in Istituzioni e politiche dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, e ripetuta il 12 marzo 2025 al Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto pubblico del Dipartimento di Studi giuridici ed Economici della Sapienza Università di Roma

monitoring successful cases of relocated enterprises and the contribution to regional development

The aim of this study was to analyse the socio-economic contribution of successfully relocated enterprises to the development of host regions in Ukraine and EU countries. The methodology was based on an applied study of cases of Ukrainian and European enterprises that changed the location of the operations. Relocation under wartime challenges ensured business survival and had a multiplier effect for communities. The company “Kulinichi” moved production from Kharkiv to Lviv region, invested EUR 20 million in a bakery complex, created more than 3,000 jobs (500 – for internally displaced persons); revenue increased from UAH 113.8 million in 2022 to UAH 214.3 million in 2024. The company “Akvaizol” moved from Kharkiv to Kalush, built a plant on an abandoned site, created 100 jobs; revenue in 2023 amounted to UAH 901 million, assets in 2024 – UAH 1.283 billion. The company “Chumak”, after losing its plant in Kakhovka, placed production in several regions and initiated the construction of a plant in Odesa region (potential for 5,000 jobs); revenue increased from UAH 573.3 million in 2022 to UAH 1.36 billion in 2024. The joint-stock company “Ukrainian Energy Machines” created branches in Lviv, Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi regions to reduce risks. In the EU, relocation was carried out for economic, logistical and regulatory reasons: the companies JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, Bank of America and Morgan Stanley relocated part of the staff and assets to Frankfurt, Paris, Dublin, and Madrid to maintain access to the EU internal market. The company Bosch implemented a strategy of moving production closer to the consumer, expanding it in Hungary. The practical significance of the study lies in the use of the results to improve the policy of supporting relocated business and to develop indicators of its socio-economic impact

Missione compiuta. Sul senso politico dell’omicidio Moro

This analysis argues that the political strategies of Aldo Moro and Enrico Berlinguer—the "Historic Compromise" and Moro\u27s "Third Phase"—were intrinsically flawed, creating an aporia that perpetuated Italy\u27s "blocked democracy." By seeking to overcome political stalemate through a grand coalition of traditionally opposed parties (DC and PCI), they inadvertently reinforced the system\u27s imperfections. This critical failure, the text contends, created the conditions that made terrorist violence—specifically the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro—seem like a "necessary" means to force a political transformation. The ultimate, tragic success of the terrorists was not in achieving revolution, but in definitively closing the Moro-Berlinguer era, leading to the subsequent political landscape shaped by the very forces that orchestrated the crisis. The murder of Moro was thus a "perfect crime" that achieved its strategic goal of destabilizing to stabilize.   Aldo Moro; Historic Compromise; Blocked Democracy; Political Terrorism; Strategy of Tension.This analysis argues that the political strategies of Aldo Moro and Enrico Berlinguer—the "Historic Compromise" and Moro\u27s "Third Phase"—were intrinsically flawed, creating an aporia that perpetuated Italy\u27s "blocked democracy." By seeking to overcome political stalemate through a grand coalition of traditionally opposed parties (DC and PCI), they inadvertently reinforced the system\u27s imperfections. This critical failure, the text contends, created the conditions that made terrorist violence—specifically the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro—seem like a "necessary" means to force a political transformation. The ultimate, tragic success of the terrorists was not in achieving revolution, but in definitively closing the Moro-Berlinguer era, leading to the subsequent political landscape shaped by the very forces that orchestrated the crisis. The murder of Moro was thus a "perfect crime" that achieved its strategic goal of destabilizing to stabilize.   Aldo Moro; Historic Compromise; Blocked Democracy; Political Terrorism; Strategy of Tension