La enseñanza de las prácticas alternativas y complementarias en escuelas de enfermería

O interesse pelas Terapias Alternativas e Complementares (TAC) tem sido crescente, tanto entre pacientes quanto entre profissionais e gestores da saúde. Este artigo explora o ensino das TAC em cinco escolas de enfermagem do Estado de São Paulo. A partir de entrevistas em profundidade com responsáveis pelos cursos, discute-se: suas características sociológicas, o formato, as justificativas e as estratégias para iniciar e manter os cursos. Este debate é fundamental para o campo da saúde em geral, e para a área da enfermagem em particular, pois a tendência internacional mostra incremento destas questões na formação e prática profissionais.There is an increasing interest on Alternative and Complementary Therapies (ACT) both by patients and health professionals and managers. This article explores ACT teaching in five nursing schools in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Detailed interviews were carried out with the people responsible for these courses as to their sociological characteristics, format, justification, and strategies to start and to maintain the courses. This debate is essential for health in general, and for nursing in particular, as there is a growing international trend to include these ACT in health training and practice.El interés por las Terapias Alternativas y Complementarias (TAC) ha crecido, tanto entre pacientes como entre profesionales y gestores de la salud. Este artículo explora la enseñanza de las TAC en cinco escuelas de enfermería del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. La principal técnica utilizada fue de entrevistas en profundidad con los responsables por los cursos, se discutió: sus características sociológicas, el formato, las justificativas y las estrategias para iniciar y mantener los cursos. Este debate es fundamental para el campo de la salud en general, y para el área de la enfermería en particular, pues la tendencia internacional muestra un incremento de estos temas en la formación y práctica de los profesionales

A industrialização brasileira e a dimensão geográfica dos estabelecimentos industriais

Em razão da predominância da produção voltada para a exportação de bens agrícolas, tais como açúcar, café e algodão, a industrialização brasileira no século XIX e na primeira metade do século XX foi parcial, tanto em seu conteúdo quanto em sua extensão geográfica. A expansão da economia do café e a chegada, no final do século XVII, de um novo e centralizado processo de transformação industrial da cana-de-açúcar sustentou a dominância da produção de exportáveis, permitindo o surgimento de um setor industrial têxtil que se expandiu geográfica e economicamente no século XX. A ausência de informação censitária industrial para o período que antecede o ano de 1920 impediu a realização de estudos mais gerais sobre a história industrial brasileira. O presente artigo trata da evolução histórica da indústria brasileira do ponto de vista da dimensão espacial dos estabelecimentos industriais, no que diz respeito às instalações residenciais, de serviços e da mão-de-obra. Desde 1996, um arquivo contendo dados sobre assentamentos industriais com vila operária foi parcialmente elaborado abrangendo mais de 80% do território brasileiro. Esse material permitiu uma descrição geral dos estabelecimentos industriais em cada região do Brasil no período de 1810 até o presente.

Soil carbon stock changes due to edge effects in central Amazon forest fragments

Amazon forest stocks large quantities of carbon both in plant biomass and in soil. Deforestation has accelerated the process of forest fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon, resulting in changes in carbon stocks in both biomass and soil. Logging, including that under legal forest management, can create edge-like conditions inside the forest. We investigated the relationship between changes in carbon stocks in the soil and the distance to the nearest edge in forest remnants after about 30 years of isolation. We assessed the effect of edges using geographically weighted regression (GWR), which considers the non-stationary character of soil carbon stocks and assigns relative weights to the observations according to the distance between them. Data from 265 georeferenced plots distributed over 28 ha of forest fragments in the Manaus region were included in these analyses. Soil-carbon stocks were estimated for areas before (1984–1986) and after (2012–2013) isolation of the fragments. The GWR model indicated an apparent relationship between change in carbon stocks and distance from the edge (R2 = 0.79). The largest changes occurred in plots located closest to the edges. In 202 plots ⩽100 m from an edge, soil-carbon stock increased significantly (p = 0.01) by a mean of 1.34 Mg ha−1 over the ∼30-year period. Such changes in soil carbon stocks appear to be associated with higher rates of tree mortality caused by microclimatic changes in these areas. Increased necromass inputs combined with changes in composition and structure of vegetation may result in increased rates of decomposition of organic matter, transferring carbon to the soil compartment and increasing soil carbon stocks. Considering both “hard” edges adjacent to deforestation and “soft” edges in logging areas, the soil-carbon increase we measured implies an absorption of 6 × 106 MgC in Brazilian Amazonia. In hard edges maintained for ∼30 years, the soil-carbon increase offsets 8.3% of the carbon losses from “biomass collapse” in the first 100 m from a clearing. Soil carbon did not change significantly in 63 forest-interior plots, suggesting that global climate change has not yet had a detectible effect on this forest carbon compartment. © 201

Estimativa da densidade do solo por equações de pedotransferência na Amazônia central

Under field conditions in the Amazon forest, soil bulk density is difficult to measure. Rigorous methodological criteria must be applied to obtain reliable inventories of C stocks and soil nutrients, making this process expensive and sometimes unfeasible. This study aimed to generate models to estimate soil bulk density based on parameters that can be easily and reliably measured in the field and that are available in many soil-related inventories. Stepwise regression models to predict bulk density were developed using data on soil C content, clay content and pH in water from 140 permanent plots in terra firme (upland) forests near Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The model results were interpreted according to the coefficient of determination (R²) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and were validated with a dataset consisting of 125 plots different from those used to generate the models. The model with best performance in estimating soil bulk density under the conditions of this study included clay content and pH in water as independent variables and had R² = 0.73 and AIC = -250.29. The performance of this model for predicting soil density was compared with that of models from the literature. The results showed that the locally calibrated equation was the most accurate for estimating soil bulk density for upland forests in the Manaus region. © 2015, Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo. All rights reserved

Food security and nutrition in Mozambique: comparative study with bean species commercialised in informal markets

In Mozambique (South-eastern Africa), Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna spp. are important staple foods and a major source of dietary protein for local populations, particularly for people living in rural areas who lack the financial capacity to include meat in their daily dietary options. This study focuses on the potential for improving diets with locally produced nutritious legumes whilst increasing food security and income generation among smallholder farmers. Using bean species and varieties commercialised as dry legumes in the country, it sets out to characterize and compare the chemical properties of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna spp. among the most commercialised dry legume groups in Mozambique. The principal component analysis showed a clear separation between Phaseolus and Vigna species in terms of proximate composition, whereas protein content was quite uniform in both groups. It concludes that the introduction of improved cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna species maize–legume intercropping benefits yield, diets and increases household income with limited and low-cost inputs while enhancing the resilience of smallholder farmers in vulnerable production systems affected by recurrent drought and the supply of legumes to urban informal marketsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A historical perspective of biomedical explainable AI research

The black-box nature of most artificial intelligence (AI) models encourages the development of explainability methods to engender trust into the AI decision-making process. Such methods can be broadly categorized into two main types: post hoc explanations and inherently interpretable algorithms. We aimed at analyzing the possible associations between COVID-19 and the push of explainable AI (XAI) to the forefront of biomedical research. We automatically extracted from the PubMed database biomedical XAI studies related to concepts of causality or explainability and manually labeled 1,603 papers with respect to XAI categories. To compare the trends pre- and post-COVID-19, we fit a change point detection model and evaluated significant changes in publication rates. We show that the advent of COVID-19 in the beginning of 2020 could be the driving factor behind an increased focus concerning XAI, playing a crucial role in accelerating an already evolving trend. Finally, we present a discussion with future societal use and impact of XAI technologies and potential future directions for those who pursue fostering clinical trust with interpretable machine learning models.</p

Body shape and size in 6-year old children: assessment by three-dimensional photonic scanning.

BACKGROUND: Body shape and size are typically described using measures such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, which predict disease risks in adults. However, this approach may underestimate the true variability in childhood body shape and size. OBJECTIVE: To use a comprehensive three-dimensional photonic scan approach to describe variation in childhood body shape and size. SUBJECTS/METHODS: At age 6 years, 3350 children from the population-based 2004 Pelotas birth cohort study were assessed by three-dimensional photonic scanner, traditional anthropometry and dual X-ray absorptiometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on height and 24 photonic scan variables (circumferences, lengths/widths, volumes and surface areas). RESULTS: PCA identified four independent components of children's body shape and size, which we termed: Corpulence, Central:peripheral ratio, Height and arm lengths, and Shoulder diameter. Corpulence showed strong correlations with traditional anthropometric and body composition measures (r>0.90 with weight, BMI, waist circumference and fat mass; r>0.70 with height, lean mass and bone mass); in contrast, the other three components showed weak or moderate correlations with those measures (all r<0.45). There was no sex difference in Corpulence, but boys had higher Central:peripheral ratio, Height and arm lengths and Shoulder diameter values than girls. Furthermore, children with low birth weight had lower Corpulence and Height and arm lengths but higher Central:peripheral ratio and Shoulder diameter than other children. Children from high socio-economic position (SEP) families had higher Corpulence and Height and arm lengths than other children. Finally, white children had higher Corpulence and Central:peripheral ratio than mixed or black children. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive assessment by three-dimensional photonic scanning identified components of childhood body shape and size not captured by traditional anthropometry or body composition measures. Differences in these novel components by sex, birth weight, SEP and skin colour may indicate their potential relevance to disease risks.This article is based on data from the study ‘Pelotas Birth Cohort, 2004’ conducted by the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology at Federal University of Pelotas, in collaboration with Brazilian Public Health Association (ABRASCO). The 2004 birth cohort study is supported by the Wellcome Trust through the scheme called ‘Major Awards for Latin America on Health Consequences of Population Change’. The World Health Organization, Brazilian National research Council (CNPq) and Brazilian Ministry of Health have supported previous phase of the study. LPS is supported by ‘Science without Borders’ Brazilian scheme under protocol number 201801/2014-0.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.3

Going up the Andes: patterns and drivers of non-native plant invasions across latitudinal and elevational gradients

The Andes mountain range in South America has a high level of endemism and is a major source of ecosystem services. The Andes is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic disturbances that have allowed the establishment of non-native plants, mainly in the lower elevation areas. However, synergies between climate change and anthropogenic pressure are promoting the spread of non-native plants to higher elevation areas. In this article, we evaluate and identify the main non-native plants invading Andean ecosystems, and assess their taxonomic families, growth forms and distribution patterns. Based on a systematic literature review, we identified the importance of climatic and anthropogenic factors as drivers of non-native species establishment in Andean ecosystems and the main impacts of non-native plants in the Andes. We then identified research gaps across each biogeographic region in the Andes. Finally, we highlight key elements to better tackle the problem of non-native plant invasions in Andean ecosystems, including the need for a systematic monitoring of invasion patterns and spread (e.g. MIREN protocol) and a common policy agenda across international borders for the prevention and management of non-native plants in this highly vulnerable region.Fil: Fuentes Lillo, Eduardo. Universidad de Concepción; Chile. Universiteit Antwerp; BélgicaFil: Lembrechts, Jonas J.. Universiteit Antwerp; BélgicaFil: Barros, Ana Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Aschero, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Bustamante, Ramiro O.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Cavieres, Lohengrin A.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Clavel, Jan. Universiteit Antwerp; BélgicaFil: Herrera, Ileana. Universidad Espíritu Santo; EcuadorFil: Jiménez, Alejandra. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Tecco, Paula Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Hulme, Philip E.. Lincoln University.; Nueva ZelandaFil: Nuñez, Martin Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Rozzi, Ricardo. University of North Texas; Estados UnidosFil: García, Rafael A.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Simberloff, Daniel. University of Tennessee; Estados UnidosFil: Nijs, Ivan. Universiteit Antwerp; BélgicaFil: Pauchard, Aníbal. Universidad de Concepción; Chil

Jornada do AVC: um relato de experiência

O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) ou Encefálico decorre de um comprometimento neurológico focal diante de um fator isquêmico ou hemorrágico precipitante. Considerado o distúrbio neurológico mais incapacitante e a segunda causa de óbito no Brasil, entende-se a necessidade de saber identificar os primeiros sinais e sintomas, e manejar adequadamente os pacientes, na tentativa de reduzir as sequelas e a mortalidade dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, este relato de experiência objetiva compartilhar, com a comunidade acadêmica da área da saúde, a relevância de compreender como conduzir acertadamente o diagnóstico pré-hospitalar, o manejo terapêutico, a reabilitação, os cuidados paliativos e reconhecer os fatores de risco relacionados. Para além disso, o evento “Jornada do AVC”, organizado e realizado online através da plataforma do YouTube, em três dias, com palestrantes médicos de diferentes especialidades, contou com mais de 200 inscritos. Ainda, através das avaliações de impacto realizadas antes e após o evento, observou-se um conhecimento prévio inferior a 5, em uma escala de 0 a 10, acerca das temáticas abordadas, principalmente referente ao tópico de cirurgia vascular, excetuando as condições de risco do AVC. E no questionário posterior, a avaliação&nbsp;geral ficou superior a 90%, classificando acima de 5 em todas as temáticas abordadas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a proposta da jornada contribuiu na capacitação acadêmica e profissional dos participantes, possibilitando atuar de forma benéfica no processo saúde-doença dessa patologia e na atenção à saúde

Jornada do AVC: um relato de experiência

O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) ou Encefálico decorre de um comprometimento neurológico focal diante de um fator isquêmico ou hemorrágico precipitante. Considerado o distúrbio neurológico mais incapacitante e a segunda causa de óbito no Brasil, entende-se a necessidade de saber identificar os primeiros sinais e sintomas, e manejar adequadamente os pacientes, na tentativa de reduzir as sequelas e a mortalidade dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, este relato de experiência objetiva compartilhar, com a comunidade acadêmica da área da saúde, a relevância de compreender como conduzir acertadamente o diagnóstico pré-hospitalar, o manejo terapêutico, a reabilitação, os cuidados paliativos e reconhecer os fatores de risco relacionados. Para além disso, o evento “Jornada do AVC”, organizado e realizado online através da plataforma do YouTube, em três dias, com palestrantes médicos de diferentes especialidades, contou com mais de 200 inscritos. Ainda, através das avaliações de impacto realizadas antes e após o evento, observou-se um conhecimento prévio inferior a 5, em uma escala de 0 a 10, acerca das temáticas abordadas, principalmente referente ao tópico de cirurgia vascular, excetuando as condições de risco do AVC. E no questionário posterior, a avaliação geral ficou superior a 90%, classificando acima de 5 em todas as temáticas abordadas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a proposta da jornada contribuiu na capacitação acadêmica e profissional dos participantes, possibilitando atuar de forma benéfica no processo saúde-doença dessa patologia e na atenção à saúde