Analisis Disparitas Pidana Dalam Kasus Pemerkosaan

The research question were whether or not the criminal disparity in rape cases, already complied with a basic legal value. Accordingly, the objective of the research was to identity the compliance between criminal disparity in rape cases and the basic legal value, and the causes of criminal disparity in rape cases. The research was juridical normative adopting descriptive qualitative method and deductive conclusion. The criminal disparity in rape cases has failed to optimally deliver a basic legal value. Different punishments in the sentences in general has contained a fair justice since the punishment tended to be proportional, in the sense that it complied with the qualification of the alleged crime. However, it lacked of legal certainty and benefits, as the punishment failed to compensate the sorrow of the victim and the embarrassment of her family

Density waves in the shearing sheet I. Swing amplification

The shearing sheet model of a galactic disk is studied anew. The theoretical description of its dynamics is based on three building blocks: Stellar orbits, which are described here in epicyclic approximation, the collisionless Boltzmann equation determining the distribution function of stars in phase space, and the Poisson equation in order to take account of the self-gravity of the disk. Using these tools I develop a new formalism to describe perturbations of the shearing sheet. Applying this to the unbounded shearing sheet model I demonstrate again how the disturbances of the disk evolve always into `swing amplified' density waves, i.e. spiral-arm like, shearing density enhancements, which grow and decay while the wave crests swing by from leading to trailing orientation. Several examples are given how such `swing amplification' events are incited in the shearing sheet.Comment: small corrections, uses new A&A style fil

Analysis of a two-dimensional type 6 shock-interference pattern using a perfect-gas code and a real-gas code

Numerical codes were developed to calculate the two dimensional flow field which results when supersonic flow encounters double wedge configurations whose angles are such that a type 4 pattern occurs. The flow field model included the shock interaction phenomena for a delta wing orbiter. Two numerical codes were developed, one which used the perfect gas relations and a second which incorporated a Mollier table to define equilibrium air properties. The two codes were used to generate theoretical surface pressure and heat transfer distributions for velocities from 3,821 feet per second to an entry condition of 25,000 feet per second

Involutive constrained systems and Hamilton-Jacobi formalism

In this paper, we study singular systems with complete sets of involutive constraints. The aim is to establish, within the Hamilton-Jacobi theory, the relationship between the Frobenius' theorem, the infinitesimal canonical transformations generated by constraints in involution with the Poisson brackets, and the lagrangian point (gauge) transformations of physical systems

Hamilton-Jacobi formalism for Linearized Gravity

In this work we study the theory of linearized gravity via the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism. We make a brief review of this theory and its Lagrangian description, as well as a review of the Hamilton-Jacobi approach for singular systems. Then we apply this formalism to analyze the constraint structure of the linearized gravity in instant and front-form dynamics.Comment: To be published in Classical and Quantum Gravit

The effective stability parameter for two-component galactic discs: Is 1/Q ~ 1/Q_stars + 1/Q_gas ?

The Wang-Silk approximation, 1/Q ~ 1/Q_stars + 1/Q_gas, is frequently used for estimating the effective Q parameter in two-component discs of stars and gas. Here we analyse this approximation in detail, and show how its accuracy depends on the radial velocity dispersions and Toomre parameters of the two components. We then propose a much more accurate but still simple approximation for the effective Q parameter, which further takes into account the stabilizing effect of disc thickness. Our effective Q parameter is a natural generalization of Toomre's Q, and as such can be used in a wide variety of contexts, e.g. for predicting star formation thresholds in galaxies or for measuring the stability level of galactic discs at low and high redshifts.Comment: MNRAS, in pres

The effect of surface temperature and Reynolds number on the leeward heat-transfer for a shuttle orbiter

The effect of windward surface temperature on the heat transfer to the leeward surface of the shuttle orbiter was investigated. Heat-transfer distributions, surface-pressure distributions, and schlieren photographs were obtained for an 0.01-scale model of the 37-0 shuttle orbiter at angles-of-attack of 30 deg and of 40 deg. Similar data were obtained for a fuselage-only configuration at angles-of-attack of 30 deg and of 90 deg. Data were obtained for various Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and surface temperatures

Evaluating the use of particle-spring systems in the conceptual design of grid shell structures

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).This thesis evaluates particle-spring systems as conceptual design tools in an effort to create efficient grid shell structures. Currently many simulation tools are available to create representations of intricate geometries and forms. However, these forms can become highly complex and challenging upon their realization. A lack of understanding of these forms leads to structures that cannot support their corresponding loads due to their shape, boundary conditions or edge conditions. To create successful grid shells, designers must understand the design principles behind these forms. The goals of this research were achieved through a parametric study that involved manipulating the topology and topography of three global grid shell geometries. It was determined that the ability of particle-spring form finding methods to create good structures is highly dependent on both the mesh type used and the structure's global geometry. A list of implications has been developed and is presented in this work.by Trevor B. Bertin.M.Eng